Analysis Of Leslie Mcfadden s The Nightmare Of Racial...

Leslie McFadden is the mother of the eighteen-year-old boy, Michael Brown who was killed by a police officer back in 2014. After her son’s death, Mrs. McFadden has traveled nationally to speak on behalf of her son and seek justice. This past October, Mrs. McFadden shared her testimony at the black studies conference in UT Austin, where she was described as a â€Å"wife, fighter, and believer in hope.† At the conference Mrs. McFadden discussed different themes such as the institutionalized racial segregation and violence she and many face in Ferguson. The nightmare of racial hatred is not a thing of the past but a present reality. Her strong will to move forward and to speak the truth makes Mrs. McFadden this generations Mamie Till. Through her personal experience Mrs. McFadden connect with the audience at a level a textbook can’t and encourages them to be vocal against injustice. Themes: Both institutionalized racial segregation and violence are themes that were discussed by Leslie McFadden at the conference that relate to the Civil Rights Movement, Black Power, and urban unrest. Institutionalized racial segregation has been around since, African Americans were brought to the U.S in the eighteenth century. In the case of Michael Brown, the ghettos in Ferguson are the results of institutionalized segregation. Institutionalized segregation is formed by the unjust mistreatment and discrimination a society demonstrates to a group of people. In the United States, African Americans

The Older American Act 1965 Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Abstraction In 1965, Congress created the Older American Act, a federal and province bureau to turn to the societal service demands of the older grownup population. The end of the Older American Act is to assist the older population maintain independency in their places and their communities. The ripening services web refers to the bureaus, plans, and activities that are involved with the Older American Act. We will write a custom essay sample on The Older American Act 1965 Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the figure of older grownups addition, the demand for services is expected to lift. Along with the rise of demands there will necessitate to a degree of consciousness. In carry throughing its end, the Department of Aging responds to the demands of societies deriving population through a assortment of services. The Older American Act was enacted in 1965 with the intent of giving older American increased chances for take parting in society. The Older American Act specifies that all older individuals are eligible for services irrespective of income. An older individual is defined as an person who is age 60 and over, with penchant to those with the greatest economic demand but besides particular attending is given to low income minorities and older grownups that live in the rural countries. People 65 and older represent a little more than 9 per centum of the state ‘s population when the Act was enacted. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) By 2006, the figure of aged reached 37.3 million people and 12.4 per centum of the US population. By 2020, about one in six people will be the age 65 and older. Harmonizing to informations compiled by the provinces about 3 million people received services funded by the Act such as place delivered repasts, place attention, and instance direction on a regular footing. ( Le gislation and Budget, 2008 ) The Older American Act requires each province to depict within their twelvemonth programs on how they are traveling to transport out and give penchant to clients. Each of these demands is looked at when services are needed. Greatest economic demand mean the income is below or at the poorness threshold. Each twelvemonth the Department of Health and Human Services sets the poorness degrees. The poorness degrees for 2010 are presently at $ 10,830 for a one-man family and $ 14,750 for a two individual. ( AoA.gov, 2008 ) Greatest societal demand mean the demand caused by non-economic factors which included physical and mental disablements, linguistic communication barriers, cultural, societal, or geographic isolation which would curtail the individual ‘s ability to execute normal undertaking or endanger the fact to populate independently. Food Plans Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control, the norm 75 twelvemonth old has three chronic conditions and uses five prescription drugs ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) Nutrition and wellness can travel manus in manus. Bad eating wonts or deficiency of nutrient can take to hapless vitamin intake, weight issues, and overall emphasis. Based on the 2003 Food Security Supplement to the current population study conducted by the Bureau of Census, approximately 1.5 million families with older grownups reported that they did non hold plenty to eat. Lack of money was the primary ground. ( O’Shaughn, 2008 ) Older grownups populating in poorness were more likely to describe a hapless diet so older grownups populating above the poorness line. In many instances, older grownups are forced to take between purchasing nutrient and paying for medical specialty, public-service corporations, or other personal points. As portion of the Older American Act, the nutrient cast plan is available. The nutrient cast plan was designed to assist stop hungriness and better nutrition for low income. Food cast benefits are used to purchase any nutrient or nutrient merchandise for usage by people. For illustration, you could non purchase dog nutrient or lavatory paper with the nutrient casts. The nutrient cast plan is the largest service plan of the Older American Act about accounting for 40 per centum of the support. In 2006, approximately 2.6 million people received 238 million repasts ; 59 per centum of repasts were served to frail older people populating at place and 41 per centum serviced in congregate scenes. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) Congregate repast and nutrition sites are province and federally funded. Almost two-thirds of congregate receivers were age 75 and older and lived entirely. Over one quart had an income of $ 10,000 or less ; 58 per centum reported that the repast plan provided more than one-half of their day-to-day nutrient consumption. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) More than 6.5 million repasts are delivered to the homebound elderly five yearss a hebdomad. Food larders are besides available but are funded by province and community resources. Senior Farmers Market Nutrition plan is federally funded and provides vouchers to low income seniors to buy fruit and veggies at local husbandmans markets. The trade good Supplement nutrient plan works to better the wellness of people at least 60 old ages of age by supplementing their diets with trade good nutrients. The federal authorities provides nutrient and fund to the provinces to supplement so diets. The nutrient bundles do non supply a complete diet but alternatively points that are typically missing with population. Food bundles include a assortment of nutrients such as non-fact dry and evaporate milk, juice, farina, oats, ready to ear cereal, rice, pasta, peanut butter, dry beans or peas, canned meat or domestic fowl, tuna and canned fruit and veggies. Merely fewer than 433,000 aged participated in the plan in 2007. ( O’Shaughn, 2008 ) States set up an income bound for the aged that is at or below 130 per centum of the federal poverty income guidelines. State may besides set up residence demands and they besides can necessitate participants be nutritionary hazards, which can be determined by their physician or the burea u. Another federally funded nutrient plan is the exigency nutrient aid plan. The nutrient is available at local nutrient larders and the individual is provided with transcribed veggies and fruits, pasta, beans, and rice. For protein the bundle may include transcribed tuna, peanut butter and sometimes chicken. Since it is a addendum to other plans, the sums may change and typically, the nutrient that is provided should last 3-5 yearss. Medical Programs Medicare is a medical plan that is available to grownups that are having Social Security at age of 65 and older, having Social Security disablement after a 24 month delay and anyone with terminal phase nephritic failure. Medicare benefits consist of four parts. Medicare portion a helps cover inmate attention in infirmaries, skilled nursing installations, place wellness and hospice attention. It is free if you have worked and paid Social Security revenue enhancements for at least 10 old ages. If you have non worked to run into the lower limit so you would be required to pay a monthly premium. Medicare portion B helps cover physician ‘s services and outpatient infirmary attention. It besides covers some other medical services that portion a does non cover such as physical and occupational therapy, preventative attention, lasting medical equipment, research lab trials, X raies, mental wellness and some ambulance services. It besides covers the first three pints of blood if needed each twelvemonth. A few prescription drugs are covered under portion B. Examples of some that are covered are anti-cancer, dialysis drugs and doctor administered drugs that you usually would non bale able to take yourself at place. There is a monthly premium for portion B. Medicare prescription carpet coverage covers both trade name name and generic prescription drugs. Drug coverage provides protection for people who have really high drug costs. Part vitamin D is provided merely through private insurance companies that have contracts with the authorities. Everyone who had Medicare is eligible for coverage, irrespective of income, wellness, or disbursal. ( Werner, 2010 ) Medicare Preventive Benefits are used for testing and early sensing. Medicare covers the initial physical test, cardiovascular showings, mammograms, pablum trials, and pelvic test. This coverage is normally received from a private wellness insurance company such as HMO and PPO. Medicare private wellness programs must offer at least the same benefits as non-private wellness insurance companies. They are non required, nevertheless, to hold the same regulations, costs, and coverage limitations as Medicare provides. Medicaid is a federal and province plan that covers medical attention for older grownups with low incomes. Each province runs different Medicare plans for different groups of people. However, each has the same things in common. Each sate covered older people, people with disablements, and people who are blind. Each province does hold different eligibility degrees. All provinces have plans to supply place and community based attention with limited incomes that are in demand of these services. Each province must besides cover place wellness attention for those with limited incomes. You can hold both Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid can cover services that Medicare does non. Medicaid can besides assist cover the out of pocket costs such as deductibles and copayments. Home Health Care services are prescribed by a doctor for a individual who is at hazard of hospitalization or following a hospital stay. These services can include nursing services, physical therapy. Occupational therapy, address therapy, and services provided by a place wellness adjutant. About one out of four families is involved in supplying aid to older household members and other older grownups. About one-half of household health professionals are employed full clip and about two tierces are employed either full clip or portion clip. ( Legislation and Budget, 2008 ) The bulk of health professionals provide unpaid aid for one to four old ages and 20 per centum provided attention for five old ages or more. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) About 7 million health professionals provide informal attention to older people in demand of aid. Home attention can include supportive and personal attention. Supportive attention includes ; place services such as cleansing, wash, cookery, and personal errands. Personal attention includes bathing, nail film editing, medicine, training, and if needed lesion attention. Each province is required to put aside financess to cover these services. Nationally the figure is little with about 300,000 people having attention in 2006. Harmonizing to 2004 informations, about two tierces of receivers who receive the place services lived entirely and were over 75 old ages old, with over four fifths with an income under $ 15,000. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) In the 2006, approximately 44 million dollars were set aside for place attention services. Older American Act services may be provided without the income and plus limitations that are under Medicaid. ( Werner, 2010 ) An of import portion of be aftering for long term attention is understanding how to pay for services. Long-term attention is really expensive and Medicare coverage will non pay for most of the long-run attention services that are needed. One twelvemonth in a nursing place, based on a 2008 national norm, costs over $ 68,000 for a semi private room. ( Illinois Department of Aging, 2009 ) One twelvemonth of attention at place, with the aid of a personal supportive attention worker three times a hebdomad, would be about $ 18,000 a twelvemonth. ( Werner, 2010 ) Costss for long-run attention services can be dependance on the type and sum of services that the client would necessitate. For illustration, nursing places around my country, charge supernumerary for services provide beyond basic room and board charge, which include hair assignments, therapy and activities outside the installation. Medicare merely pays for long term attention if you require skilled services or are recovering from a process and merely necessitate the services for a short clip. Other plans available The senior community service plan is a community service and work based preparation for older workers. It is portion of the Older American Act and it provides subsidised portion clip, community service work based on developing for low income people age 55 and older. Program participants work an norm of 20 hours a hebdomad and are paid minimal pay. Placement locations can include twenty-four hours attention centres, senior centres, schools and infirmaries. There are other services available through senior community service employment plan to help the older worker. Participants are offered services that allow the client to hold an single employment program created orientation, community service preparation, one-year physicals and aid in procuring unsubsidized employment. To be eligible for this plan the client must be at least 55 and non hold earned more than 25 per centum over the federal poorness degree in income. Employment precedence is given to people over 60, veterans and qualifi ed partners of veterans. Preference is given to minority, limited English speech production, and Indian eligible people. Preference is besides given to those who have the greatest economic demand. Based on engagement records more the 60,000 participants presently enrolled in the plan but as turnover and other occupation arrangements go on, more than 90,000 people will be served. ( Senior resource, 1999-2009 ) Adult twenty-four hours attention centres provide coordinated plans for seniors. Servicess are offered to supply societal and some wellness services to older grownups who need supervised attention in a safe topographic point outside the place during the twenty-four hours. Adult centres are normally unfastened during concern hours five yearss a hebdomad. In some communities, there are some plans offered in the eventide, but a bulk of the plans are during hours where the chief health professional could be at work. Social activities allow the interaction with other members in activities that can run from excursions, games, humanistic disciplines and trades, and exercising. Transportation system is provided and the client is pricked up at place and at the terminal of the twenty-four hours returned place. Meals and bites are provided and if needed can be specialized. Personal attention is provided to clients that need aid with toileting, training, and other personal activities of day-to-d ay life. Harmonizing to the national survey of grownup twenty-four hours services there are 3,400 centres supplying attention to over 150,000 clients a twenty-four hours. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) Decision While this is merely a brief overview of the work that the Older American Act does for the aged population, it is proof that the authorities is working difficult to do the concluding old ages on this planet better for everyone. This statute law paves the manner for more plans in the hereafter to assist maintain the aged people safe from injury every bit good as independent and in their ain places for every bit long as possible. The ends of the Older American Act have been carried out through a web of bureaus on all authorities degrees. At a clip when the state is aging, it is of import to see that the best hereafter is created for the aging population. How to cite The Older American Act 1965 Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

African and Carribean Dance Essay Example For Students

African and Carribean Dance Essay Within African and Caribbean dance there are many similar stylistic features stemming from various places either being the background from where the dance evolved from or cultural significances. Within the essay there will be discussions about the movement language of the two styles. Cultural significance and the stylistic features of the dance will also be discussed. The two styles of dance from African that will be discussed are Muchongoyo and Kinka. Caribbean will be focussing on the Kumina and Dinkie-Minie. Originating from Congo in West Africa is the traditional ritual, Kumina. According to Carty, Kumina practitioners believe there are three ranks of spirits, this dance calls to the the Ancestral rank. The dance calls on the spirits to fulfil their wishes of good and evil, and is performed at different events including marriages, engagement, births, deaths and for political or social success. Also as stated by Carty it can be used to perform evil tasks such as making someone ill or wishing bad luck on their family. This is possible because the ancestors they call upon were also alive at one point so share their feelings on justice and revenge. (Carty, 1988. Pg 20-21) The ritual commonly begins at sundown and ends at sunrise and different colours are worn for different ceremonies. They dance round a central pole, also dressed in particular colours for the ritual. Within the group of dancers is also a King or Queen dancer who is the leader, this person will normally either be the best dancer in the group or will be the most knowledgable in the rituals and customs. Cary, 1988. Pg 21) The Kumina has two main drums that are used, namely the Kbandu and the Playing Cast. The Kbandu is the male drum which is made from the skin of a ewe, stretched and sprayed with White Rum until the required pitch is acquired. The leading drum is the Playing cast, the female drum which speaks throughout the dance and leads the dancers through their breaks and motions. One of the main movements within the Kumina use footwork and the pelvis. The feet move across the floor in a movement known as Inching. Carty, 1988. Pg 22) The body is grounded with the knees bent and the ribcage rotates. Dinkie-Minie is a dance originating from Jamaica. The ritual that takes place during this dance is called ‘The Set Up and the Ninth-Nights’. The Dinkie-Minie is performed to celebrate the death of someone, it is a ritual where a community will come together and support the persons family whilst helping them to celebrate that their deceased love one has moved to a better place. (Carty, 1988. Pg32) The spirits journey begins on the Ninth Night where it leaves for the better place, however in the days leading up to that, after the sadness at the beginning, the relatives then sing and dance to rejoice about the deceased being in a better place. The drums and instruments used in the Dinkie-Minie are the Katta sticks milk tins, graters and shakes but the instrument necessary for the dance is the Tamboo a drum which is cylindrical. Again like the Kumina the Dinkie-Minie is based on strong pelvic rotations, and knees that almost knock together. Dinkie has a very spiritual side and having a wake of this style is crucial the the african culture within it. With both these dances being rituals they are very similar. They both have an ancestral side whether it be sending the loved ones up to the ancestors or calling upon the ancestors to grant their wishes. One of West Africa’s traditional dance and music forms is the Kinka. The style is of recent origins in the 1940s and gives a youthful inclination of dance throughout the song. .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .postImageUrl , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:hover , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:visited , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:active { border:0!important; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:active , .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9fa9a6096c270d4410b9534fd58212ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dance-Christianity EssayThe dance is not so much a spiritual piece like the Dinkie-Minie and the Kumina, it is more of a social and entertaining style. (Gbolonyo, K. 2012) As Gbolonya says â€Å"Short repetitive metaphoric phrases are the norms of this communal entertainment. † This explains about how the piece really follows a structure of repetition as the dancer initiates different movements. The drummer is in direct control of how to piece moves forward as they give the call on the drum so the dancer can change to a different movement, of come back to the original movement to join the rest of the dancers. The drum signals also help dancers keep the time and rhythm as the dance progresses. Gbolonyo also states that the Kinka is used more for a political statement and is well crafted to do so. The Muchongoyo is a dance that originates from Zimbabwe and the Nguni-speaking groups of South Africa. As a dance, Muchongoyo falls into the category of Indlamu, a military drill exercise created to install discipline into the men of the zulu nation and mental prepare them for war. (Asante, KW. 2000 Pg 68 ) The drum which is now used for Muchongoyo is a modern variation on the traditional drums. Women are mainly the musicians in this dance playing the hashes and sing alongside the men, the drum accompany the dance and whistles are used to accent the stomps in the piece. (Welsh, K. 2004 Pg109) Muchongoyo is a powerful dance and produces that much force and energy that the performer really starts to mix and make one with the powerful dance and music. â€Å"A. M Opokuexpressed the idea: dance and music should be so closely connected that ‘one can see the music and hear the dance. † (Sieber. 1986 Pg 234) In the performance of Muchongoyo, the dance itself must work to personify the sound and really make it come as a whole together for the audience to feel that powerful involvement. ( Asante, KW. 2000 Pg 65) The costumes also play a part in the making of such a strong dance. They are neo- traditional and try to imitate as closely to their forefathers costume choices as they can. The men have short skirts with shorts and wear ostrich feathers in their hair. Caribbean and African dance clearly have strong roots and a shared cultural history. The powerful music styles make them stand out from other traditional styles in the world and they share the same instrument, the percussion. The main thing that keeps them so traditional and exciting to watch is that even as time moves forward and they develop the styles always stick to their traditional roots which you can follow all the back to their African descent. Making them very entertaining and educational almost to watch. Bibliography: Carty, H. (1988.) Folk dances of Jamaica: An Insight, United Kingdom: Distributed in the U.S.A. by Princeton Book Co. Gbolonyo , K., Music and Dance. Adams Habobo. Available at: http://www.adanuhabobo.com/musicdance.html . Jopling, C. Sieber, R., 1971. Art and Aesthetics in Primitive Societies: A Critical Anthology, United States: New York : Dutton, c1971. Welsh Asante, M. (2000.) Zimbabwe Dance 1st ed., Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc. Welsh-Asante, K. (2004.) African Dance (World of Dance), United States: Chelsea House Publications. Citations (Carty, 1988 Pg 20-21) (Carty, 1988 Pg 21) (Carty, 1988 Pg 22) (Carty, 1988 Pg 32 (Gbolongo, K. 2012) (Asante, KW. 2000 Pg 68) (Welsh, K. 2004 ph 109) (Sieber. 1986 pg 234) (Asante, KW. 2000 Pg 65)

JOE EVERSON Essays - Physical Exercise, Physical Fitness, Jogging

JOE EVERSON 414-53-1463 CONCEPTS OF FITNESS AND WELLNESS 11:00 TO 12:00 12/6/1998 The dictionary definition of health is as follows: soundness of any living organism; vigor of body and mind; freedom of defect or disease. I am in good physical condition because I work out often. I also believe I am emotionally well balanced because I fell good about myself. However I am slacking a little bit in the intellectual wellness area because I don't have a very open mind. I have very good faith because I am a Christian. I have some very good friends, so I believe I am in good social well being. My definition of wellness and health, is living a good life and having good friends. One definition of physical fitness is the ability of the body to adapt to the demands of physical effort. Another definition could just be being in good shape. Yet another persons definition might be being skinny. There are five areas of health related fitness. The first is cardiorespiratory endurance, the second is muscular strength, the third is muscular endurance, next is flexibility, and last is body composition. I think physical fitness means being in good shape. Physical fitness can affect your everyday life because if you're in good shape you will be more active and do the stuff you like to do. I have good muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility. I do lots of push-ups. I have a weight bench and I lift weights often. I do lots of stretching so I am pretty flexible. One of grandmothers has had cancer, but I don't smoke like she did. I have dark skin and no freckles. I do go in the sun a lot during the summer and get real tan. I am not overweight and I exercise often. I am 6'4 210 pounds. I believe I am in the recommended weight. My body fat percentage is twenty-three, which is over recommended body fat. My bmi is 23, which is in desirable range. For better cardiovascular health I need to eat more fruits and vegetables. I also don't need to worry so much about the little stuff so much. I should keep lifting weights because that's good for me, but I should also start jogging. Three exercises I could do that are good for my heart are jump roping, jogging, or going to some of my old wrestling team practices and wrestle around. Good foods to eat that help prevent cancer are citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, and dark yellow or red fruits or vegetables. You should also cut down on your fat and saturated fat intake. By eating right and exercising you can obtain a healthy level of body fat. A good exercise for the biceps are curls, and the triceps are multitriceps. Bench press is the most popular exercise for the pectorals. Back extensions are real good for the lower back. Sit-ups are the most popular exercise for the abs. The most popular exercise for the hamstrings is the squat, which also works out the quadriceps. The best exercise to isolate the gastrocnemius is the toe raise. When I work out I prefer free weights; I do three sets with eight reps each set. I lift about five days a week. Head turns and tilts, and towel stretch are two stretches for the upper body. Step stretch and sole stretch are two stretches for the lower body. I will need to eat lower fat foods and not eat so much junk food. I should eat more fruits and vegetables and plan out my meals better and my snacks. I am also going to begin to jog around my neighborhood. I will start to be more active and not lay around and watch TV all day. During this course I realized that I am not always going to be young, and eventually I will have to work really hard to stay in shape and be healthy. That's what made me start to eat healthier and exercise more often. Hopefully I will stick to it and live a healthy life.

Free Essays on American Justice

America is a country that has long been praised for its principles of democracy, freedom, and equal justice for all. Our country was founded on those principles, as well as the idea that all are â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†. Our society today tries to uphold these principles, and as stated by the New York State Courts, â€Å"the mission of the [New York State] Unified Court System is to promote the rule of law and to serve the public by providing just and timely resolution of all matters before the courts.† (New York State Guide to the Courts, page 1). Over time, however, the system has been eaten away by politicians and others who are more concerned with their own gains than with the greater good. The judicial system in America has become a mockery of all that it once stood for; it is now a dog and pony show in which all the participants are more interested in the media’s attention than in ensuring that justice is served. Initially, the American judicial system was founded on the idea that â€Å"law is reason free from emotion† (Aristotle). The founders of the system strove to create one that provided equal justice for all, regardless of race, creed, religion, and gender. The idea was to break away from the Napoleonic principle of â€Å"guilt until innocence is proven†, and provide a haven for all American citizens. If accused of a crime, you were guaranteed several basic, unalienable rights. The judicial system functioned exactly as designed. Attorneys for the defense and the prosecution, as well as the judge, were largely unconcerned with public opinion, and presented their cases based on actual fact, and a desire to uphold the integrity of the system they were representing. At some point in history, this attitude shifted. It could be attributed to the growing influence of the media, or it could be a symptom of a much larger evil; the exact cause is unknown. What is glaringly clear is that nowadays, the judicial ... Free Essays on American Justice Free Essays on American Justice America is a country that has long been praised for its principles of democracy, freedom, and equal justice for all. Our country was founded on those principles, as well as the idea that all are â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†. Our society today tries to uphold these principles, and as stated by the New York State Courts, â€Å"the mission of the [New York State] Unified Court System is to promote the rule of law and to serve the public by providing just and timely resolution of all matters before the courts.† (New York State Guide to the Courts, page 1). Over time, however, the system has been eaten away by politicians and others who are more concerned with their own gains than with the greater good. The judicial system in America has become a mockery of all that it once stood for; it is now a dog and pony show in which all the participants are more interested in the media’s attention than in ensuring that justice is served. Initially, the American judicial system was founded on the idea that â€Å"law is reason free from emotion† (Aristotle). The founders of the system strove to create one that provided equal justice for all, regardless of race, creed, religion, and gender. The idea was to break away from the Napoleonic principle of â€Å"guilt until innocence is proven†, and provide a haven for all American citizens. If accused of a crime, you were guaranteed several basic, unalienable rights. The judicial system functioned exactly as designed. Attorneys for the defense and the prosecution, as well as the judge, were largely unconcerned with public opinion, and presented their cases based on actual fact, and a desire to uphold the integrity of the system they were representing. At some point in history, this attitude shifted. It could be attributed to the growing influence of the media, or it could be a symptom of a much larger evil; the exact cause is unknown. What is glaringly clear is that nowadays, the judicial ...

This Charette is Not A Tumbril

This Charette is Not A Tumbril This Charette is Not A Tumbril This Charette is Not A Tumbril By Maeve Maddox The high school in my community is about to undergo a major redesign. I opened the morning paper and read the following headline: Details of tonights high school design charette revealed Wednesday I was puzzled because the only meaning for charette/charrette I was acquainted with was wheeled cart, like the one that hauled Sidney Carton to the guillotine in A Tale of Two Cities. Come to find out, charette, also spelled charet, is a term much used in urban planning. Heres the new definition as added to the OED in 2007 charet, n. Chiefly N. Amer. (orig. Archit.). A period of intense (group) work, typically undertaken in order to meet a deadline. Also: a collaborative workshop focusing on a particular problem or project; (Town Planning) a public meeting or conference devoted to discussion of a proposed community building project. [Probably originally with reference to the former custom among French architecture students of using a cart to carry their work on the day of an exhibition: see Trà ©sor de la Langue Franà §aise s.v. charrette.] Now I understand when I read something like the following: Herbert said that during the charette, boards will be provided with outlines of the campus. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further50 Idioms About Roads and PathsPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Ethical Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Decision Making - Research Paper Example Higher education is not like other industries. It includes a number of educational aspects such as; academics, human resources, sports, housing, food services, health care, business, legal compliance, security, research and development, international affairs, economic development, and legislative affairs. The higher education industry deals with all these educational endeavors with contrasting interests, the allocation of resources among these endeavors gives rise to an ethical dilemma for the decision makers. The functions and people involved in each of these endeavors compete for critical resources as each endeavor is considered to be important by the people involved in it. However, the leadership is faced by the problem of deciding which educational endeavor to be given more or less of the overall resources. It is the responsibility of the leaders to determine what and how every function of higher education receives an equitable share of the limited resources within an institution . The following report will consider the factors that should be considered by the leaders before making decisions regarding allocation of resources and the issues inherent in such decisions. Administrative Function Administrative function of an organization consists of the performance management which is responsible for making and implementing major decisions of the organization. In case of higher education, the administrative function is responsible for the management of all the educational endeavors undertaken by the institute. The major operation of the administrative function is to manage and allocate the available resources to the educational endeavors. The resource that are allocated include; the teaching faculty, the space i.e. the classrooms, funds for curricular and extra-curricular activities, and funds for maintenance of each faculty. The ethical dilemma faced by the administrative function is the equitable distribution of resources available. There are a number of educat ional endeavors run by the administrative function at the same time and each endeavor holds significance for the teaching faculty and students in the respective function. It may not be ethical for the administrative function to allocate more resources to one function and less to the other however in certain circumstances it becomes necessary for such allocation as some functions are more demanding as compared to others. Some functions require an extensive intervention of practical aspect along with the theoretical therefore the administrative function needs to allocate extra funds to such function so that the practical activities may be carried out properly. This situation may cause a lack of funds for other functions. Similarly, some educational endeavors may require a highly experienced teaching staff while the others may not rely on the teaching staff significantly. In this case, the administrative function is faced by the ethical dilemma regarding the allocation of teaching staf f. It may be unfair for other functions if one or some of the functions get a highly experienced teaching staff. Ethical Decision Making Ethical decision making is the making of decisions after proper consideration of all the ethical implications of the decisions (Ford et al., 1994). In the case described above, the administrative function needs to exercise ethical decision making in order to deal with the ethical dilemmas regarding the proper allocation of resources among different

Crusading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crusading - Essay Example Thus, the crusade indulgence initially was identical to that ensured by the pilgrimage to the Holy places. The Crusades, which meant fighting for the defence of Christians, came to be considered as a work of piety. Political and military success was of little importance. Pope Urban II solemnly proclaimed the first crusade at the council of Clermont on 27th Nov. 1095 with a double objective, namely to relieve the pressure of the Seljuk Turks on the Eastern Empire and to secure free access to Jerusalem for pilgrims since the latter were abused and robbed by the Moslems and Arabs. He promised full remission of sins to all joining in the expedition. This call was in response to Alexius I call for help (Alexius Byzantine emperor - Byzantine Empire under attack from the Turks). This crusade was the most successful from the military point from the military point. The historian Raymond Agiles describing the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099 wrote ''that some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and horses. However, these were small matters compared to what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place where religious services were ordinarily chanted. What happened there If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.''1 The Crusades took on a new meaning later on. It became a military expedition and no longer a pilgrimage of unarmed pilgrims. The Church moved away from the sole aim of the crusades which was the liberation of the Holy Land from the invasion of the Turks and it began using the Crusades to serve the church's own interest. Preaching of crusades became a device used by the church against the enemy states of the church. Personal enemies of the churches high-powered officials were sent on pilgrimages with the hope that you do not come back however, the means by which your death is brought about. The crusades increased the powers of European kings in that a number of barons who had given them trouble were sent to the east. Holy wars were authorised by the Popes in defence of the Christendom and the church. The crusades were used to defend the church against the infidels in the East, Germany and Spain, against heretics (Albigenses) and schematics who threatened catholic unity and against Christian lay powers who opposed the papacy. They were also used to defend the Papal States. The crusades started with a religious reason but it deteriorated to selfish reasons. These could be attributed to many reasons. The Papal States had to protect its territories from invasion by other states so it used the crusades as a papal military defence operation to defend these territories and the

The article “Verismo” Essay Example for Free

The article â€Å"Verismo† Essay The article â€Å"Verismo† discusses the beginning of movement in Italian literature and opera, as well as provides in-depth overview of Verismo as literature style, musical style and as essential component of Italian theatre. Verismo is defined as movement in Italian literature which caused emergence of new theatrical and operatic genres. Actually, verismo became so-called innovatory drive originated from the French naturalism. The most brilliant representatives of verismo were Giovanni Verga and Luigi Capuana, and the theorist Federico de Roberto. Verismo is said to share some characteristics with naturalism. For example, both styles promote impersonal style of narration and they authors were deeply interested in the lower social strata. In other words, they tended to incorporate a true-to-life approach when illustrating contemporary reality. Furthermore, veristi, the writes of this genre, developed their own character in their literary works. For example, they assessed the relations between science and art from new perspective. It is known that verismo has strongly influenced the development of Italian theatre as the genre introduced regional milieux which combined lower-class idioms and local customs. Verismo enriched theatrical repertoire offering extraordinary blend of romantic style with bourgeoisie comedy. Verismo provided new acting style to illustrate unsophisticated characters on the scene. Verismo has also affected opera. Two famous operas of this style were â€Å"Mala Vita† and â€Å"Pagliacci†. â€Å"Mala Vita† was launched by Umberto Giordano as a brand of operatic verismo. â€Å"Pagliacci† was launched by Leoncavallo and was considered rather complex work. Leoncavallo was both the author of music and libretto. It is argued that in the opera â€Å"the explicit violence of the double murder committed by the white-faced clown is usually seen as the dramatization of an actual incident remembered from the composer’s childhood†. Verismo is also defined as musical style of Giovane Scuola. In music this style was strongly influenced by the works of Massenet and Wagner due to their emotional rhetoric. Verismo in music was very passionate with sentimental languor. The style tended to combine delicacy with explicit violence, in particular, in the vocal lines. Moreover, it tended to change solo piece by ensembles as it ensured better cohesion of sound and vocal. Orchestral motifs were often referred to. Nevertheless, verismo denied bel canto coloratura. It is argued that only in the 19th century opera had reached its dramatic continuity, in which spoken drama was combined with canons of musical one. Puccini was the first to achieve in his opera â€Å"Manon Lescaut† the most satisfactory blend of spoken and sung words. Reflective Commentary It is a matter of fact that verismo strongly influenced not only literature works, but also theatrical and musical world as verismo was something people hadn’t been yet acquainted with. Everything new was practically always valued and appreciated in art world and, therefore, verismo has played important role in development of Italian theatre and opera. However, all the mentioned trends should be viewed in the context of the century to get the whole picture of style development. Nevertheless, the style is rather complex as it combined delicacy and violence, rudeness and kindness, etc. Verismo was creator of new reality, in which sensationalism and triviality came together in â€Å"Iris† and â€Å"Tosca†. It is necessary to add that verismo defined new kind of musical dramaturgy which was so needed after the decline of Romantic melodrama. I see Verismo combined together expressionism, symbolism and exoticism. Verismo tended to create reality through truth as ‘vero’ means ‘truth’ in Italian. The genre couldn’t betray its original meaning. However, in contrast to naturalism, verismo rejected the scientific nature and social usefulness. Frankly saying, I think that some veristi were likely to be pessimists who based their works on the premise of impersonality. Failure to impose personal meaning shows desire to escape from reality they tended to reflect.

Confessions Essay -- essays research papers

Augustine titled his deeply philosophical and theological autobiography Confessions to implicate two aspects of the form the work would take. To confess, in Augustine's time, meant both to give an account of one's faults to God and to praise God (to speak one's love for God). These two aims come together in the Confessions in an elegant but complex sense: Augustine narrates his ascent from sinfulness to faithfulness not simply for the practical edification of his readers, but also because he believes that narrative to be itself a story of God's greatness and of the fundamental love all things have for Him. Thus, in the Confessions form equals content to a large degree—the natural form for Augustine's story of redemption to take would be a direct address to God, since it is God who must be thanked for such redemption. (That said, a direct address to God was a highly original form for Augustine to have used at the time). This idea should also help us understand the apparently lopsided and unusual structure of the text. The first nine Books of the Confessions are devoted to the story of Augustine's life up to his mother's death, but the last four Books make a sudden, lengthy departure into pure theology and philosophy. This shift should be understood in the same context as the double meaning of 'confessions'—for Augustine, the story of his sinful life and redemption is in fact a profoundly philosophical and religious matter, since his story is only one exampl...

Dysfunctional Families in Today’s World Essay

Children are supposed to grow up together with their parents. A family environment helps them not to feel depress(ed). They learn that their feelings and needs are important and can be expressed. Children growing up in such supportive environments are likely to form healthy, open relationships in adulthood. Family dysfunction can be any condition that interferes with healthy family functioning. In most families, there occurs some periods of time where functioning is impaired by stressful circumstances. These stressful events could be a death in the family or a parent’s serious illness, among others. But for healthy families, the moment the crisis is over, then normal functioning resumes. In dysfunctional families, however, problems tend to be chronic. The children then do not consistently get their needs. As a result, the negative patterns of parental behavior tend to be dominant in their children’s lives. Healthy families are not families who never argue or have disagreements. These families may have yelling, bickering, misunderstanding, tension, hurt, and anger – but not all the time. In healthy families, emotional expression is allowed and accepted. Member of the family can freely ask for and give attention. Rules tend to be made explicit and remain consistent, but with some flexibility to adapt to individual needs and particular situations. Healthy families allow for individuality; each member is encouraged to pursue his or her own interests, and boundaries between individuals are honored. Children from healthy families are consistently treated with respect, and do not fear emotional, verbal, physical, or sexual abuse. Parents can be counted on to provide care for their children. Children are given responsibilities appropriate to their age and are not expected to take on parental responsibilities. Finally, in healthy families, everyone makes mistakes; and most importantly, mistakes are allowed. II. The rise of dysfunctional families and its impact in society There are many types of dysfunction in families. Some parents choose to under-function. They leave their children to fend for themselves. On the other hand there are some parents who over-function. These parents seem to never allow their children to grow up and be on their own. Others are inconsistent or violate basic boundaries of appropriate behavior. Below is a brief description of some types of parental dysfunction along with some common problems associated with each. Deficient Parents Deficient parents hurt their children more by omission than by commission. Frequently, it is because of a chronic mental illness or a disabling physical illness that contributes to parental inadequacy. Parental emotional needs tend to take precedence over the needs of the children. The children, on the other hand, are often asked to be their parents’ caretakers. Thus, children tend to take on the adult responsibilities at a young age in these families. They are robbed of their own childhood, and they learn to ignore their own needs and feelings. Because of this experience, where these children are simply unable to play an adult role and take care of their parents, they thenoften feel inadequate and guilty. These feelings continue into adulthood. Controlling Parents Unlike the deficient parents described above, controlling parents fail to allow their children to assume responsibilities appropriate for their age. Often, the controlling parents are driven by the fear of becoming unnecessary to their children. These parents then continue dominating and making decisions for their children, even if they are already well beyond the age at which this is necessary. This fear leaves them feeling betrayed and abandoned when their children become independent (Forward, 1989). On the other hand, these children of controlling parents frequently feel resentful, inadequate, and powerless. Transitions into adult roles are quite difficult, as these adults frequently have difficulties making decisions independent from their parents. When they act independently these adults feel very guilty, as if growing up were a serious act of disloyalty. Alcoholic Parents Alcoholic families tend to be chaotic and unpredictable. Rules that apply one day do not apply to another one or to the next instance that you happen to be part of. Promises are neither kept nor remembered. Expectations vary from one day to the next. Parents may be strict at times and indifferent at others. In addition, emotional expression is frequently forbidden and discussion about the alcohol use or related family problems is usually nonexistent. Family members are usually expected to keep problems a secret, thus preventing anyone from seeking help. All of these factors leave children feeling insecure, frustrated, and angry. Children often feel there must be something wrong with them and this is the reason that makes their parents behave this way. Mistrust of others, difficulty with emotional expression, and difficulties with intimate relationships carry over into adulthood. Children of alcoholics are at much higher risk for developing alcoholism than are children of non-alcoholics. Abusive Parents Abuse can be verbal, physical, or sexual. Verbal abuse – such as frequent belittling criticism – can have lasting effects, particularly when it comes from those entrusted with the child’s care. Criticism can be aimed at the child’s looks, intelligence, capabilities, or basic value. Some verbal abusers are very direct, while others use subtle put-downs disguised as humor. Both types are just as damaging. Definitions of physical abuse vary widely. Many parents, at one time or another, have felt the urge to strike their child. With physically abusive parents, however, the urge is frequent and little effort is made to control this impulse. Striking a child has much to do with meeting the parent’s emotional needs and nothing to do with concern for the child. Often, parents erroneously justify the abuse as a process of â€Å"discipline† that is intended to â€Å"help† the child. Physically abusive parents then create an environment of terror for the child. This is particularly worse since the violence is often random and unpredictable. Abused children often feel anger. Children of abusive parents have tremendous difficulties developing feelings of trust and safety even in their adult lives. While parents may justify or rationalize verbal or physical abuse as discipline aimed at somehow helping the child, there is no rationalization for sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is the most blatant example of an adult abusing a child purely for that adult’s own gratification. Sexual abuse can be any physical contact between an adult and child wherein that contact must be kept secret. The demonstrations of affection that occurred then — such as hugging, kissing, or stroking a child’s hair — that can be done openly are quite acceptable and even beneficial. When physical contact is shrouded in secrecy then it is most likely inappropriate. Sexual abuse happens to both boys and girls. This act is perpetrated by both men and women. It cuts across lines of race, socioeconomic level, education level, and religious affiliation. In most cases, sexual abuse is part of an overall family pattern of dysfunction, disorganization, and inappropriate role boundaries. Responsibility for the sexual abuse in all cases rests entirely with the adult. No child is responsible for being abused. Most sexually abused children are too frightened and scared of the consequences for themselves and their families. In most cases, they do not risk telling another adult what is happening. As a result of this bottling-up, they grow into adulthood carrying feelings of self-loathing, shame, and worthlessness. They tend to be self-punishing and have considerable difficulties with relationships and with sexuality. When problems and circumstances such as parental alcoholism, mental illness, child abuse, or extreme parental rigidity and control interfere with family functioning, the effects on children can sometimes linger long after these children have grown up and left their problem families. Adults raised in dysfunctional families frequently report difficulties forming and maintaining intimate relationships, maintaining positive self-esteem, and trusting others; they fear a loss of control, and deny their feelings and reality (Vannicelli, 1989). There is a great deal of variability in how often dysfunctional interactions and behaviors occur in families, and in the kinds and the severity of their dysfunction. However, when patterns like the above are the norm rather than the exception, they systematically foster abuse and/or neglect. Abuse and neglect inhibit the development of children’s trust in the world, in others, and in themselves. Later as adults, these people may find it difficult to trust the behaviors and words of others, their own judgement and actions, or their own senses of selfworth. Not surprisingly, they may experience problems in their academic work, their relationships, and in their very identities. In common with other people, abused and neglected family members often struggle to interpret their families as â€Å"normal. † The more they have to accommodate to make the situation seem normal, the greater is their likelihood of misinterpreting themselves and developing negative self-concepts (e. g. , â€Å"I had it coming; I’m a rotten kid†). III. The relationship between religion and dysfunctional families Dysfunctional family members have common symptoms and behavior patterns as a result of their common experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional behavior, either through enabling or perpetuation. The dysfunctional family usually suffers from a variety of issues that may require the help of trained professionals. This is in addition to prayer and other spiritual disciplines. Some of those issues include: (1) Individual personality differences and personal issues; (2) Unresolved issues from the past; (3) Marital and family problems due to domestic violence and abuse, infidelity, and poor communication; (5) Financial problems and poverty; (6) Separation/divorce resulting in grief and loss and abandonment issues, depression, and sometimes a lack of financial support; (7) Mental and physical health problems; and (8) Spiritual disconnection. Any of the aforementioned problems can create high levels of distress, and failure to seek help can be lethal. Furthermore, when a major trauma strikes, families are rarely prepared to deal with it, and if they are unaccustomed to seeking outside help, family members may never recover emotionally. Many people stay away from connecting with God in a Christian community because they feel they are not good enough. Maybe they are overly critical of themselves, or maybe they know they have not lived the way God would want them to live. They may be afraid that Christians in church will judge them and reject them, and so they stay away. They say, â€Å"God couldn’t really love someone like me. God must be angry with me. † They could also be very adept at meeting the perceived expectations of others through self-denial. Denial, repression, splitting, and a false sense of self are often well-developed defense mechanisms. The black and white thinking expressed in such conflicting pairs of opposites as God vs. devil, church vs. world, sin vs. righteousness, leads to repression of anything that might possibly be construed as unacceptable. Constant self-monitoring and rigid self control, along with confession of every sin in prayer, are often considered the only means of avoiding divine condemnation. In the literalism characteristic of fundamentalism, an â€Å"evil† thought or feeling is regarded as just as sinful as an evil act. Impulses and feelings may be considered demonic in origin. In truth, religion can play a part in furthering the dysfunction of families. For one who has a dysfunctional family, its teachings of obedience, respect for authority and quiet compliance further enforce the debilitating situation. But when you dig deeper into what religion is, you will see clearly what God wants. Religious Institutions throughout history have used fear, control and manipulation to build kingdoms made by man. They have left many wounded or dead in the battlefield of Satan’s kingdom. Religion is a powerful tool of the enemy. An extreme example of this is The Taliban and Bin Laden. Religion teaches obedience to law. And Christ teaches grace. But the scripture has confined all under sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. But before faith came, we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed. † Galatians 3:22-23. Learning to trust wholeheartedly in God, and depend on Him to break free from whatever bondage, will bring emancipation from these bondages, and make an impact in our broken society. The church should be the one institution where the spirit of fear does not exist and coercion and manipulation are not practiced. IV. Healing dysfunctional families Two centuries ago there was relatively little dispute over the existence of God, or the societally beneficial effect of popular belief in a creator. In the twentieth century extensive secularization occurred in western nations, the United States being the only significant exception (Bishop; Bruce; Gill et al. ; Sommerville). Theists often assert that popular belief in a creator is instrumental towards providing the moral, ethical and other foundations necessary for a healthy, cohesive society. Many also contend that widespread acceptance of evolution, and/or denial of a creator, is contrary to these goals. As he helped initiate the American experiment Benjamin Franklin stated; â€Å"religion will be a powerful regulator of our actions, give us peace and tranquility within our minds, and render us benevolent, useful and beneficial to others† (Isaacson: 87-88). Changes in family life have transformed our society in the last thirty years. One of the biggest has been the virtual disappearance of the male-breadwinner lifestyle and the emerging dominance of the dual-earner couple. Working wives and mothers face questions about the effects of their choices on their children’s welfare and their own health under the strain of the â€Å"second shift,† while their husbands confront–and respond to in a variety of ways–new opportunities to construct a masculine identity not focused exclusively on breadwinning. Leaders in education, business, and government debate what policies should be in place to help people manage their work and family lives and who should bear the cost of work-family management. Changing patterns of family formation and disruption have also created widespread concern and vociferous policy debates. High divorce rates raise questions about the effects of divorce on children’s well-being and future success and how to make â€Å"blended† families work. The problems facing single-parent families have become a focus of policy makers, religious leaders, and the national media. Debates about homosexual unions have led to battles over gay and lesbian marriage in a number of states and many local controversies over what legal rights should be extended to homosexual partners. Delayed marriage and childbearing mean that more American households comprise single adults and childless couples, and remaining childless throughout life has become much more common, fueling concern among some about the decline of the family. All of these changes have led to an increasing pluralism in family life and a new consensus that there are many kinds of loving, caring families. Most people spend some portion of their adult lives outside of a nuclear family, forming and reforming family-like connections periodically over the course of their lives, causing many to rethink long-held assumptions about the necessity of marriage and parenting for adults’ happiness, security, and well-being. But this pluralism is intensely contested and debated for both moral and social philosophical reasons. Not everyone agrees about what constitutes â€Å"the good family† and what kinds of families are morally legitimate. Many people see the family as the bellwether of our society and find the rapid and numerous changes in family life over the last few decades to be troubling. Some even argue that a devaluing of family life, and especially of lifelong, heterosexual marriage, inevitably leads to a decline of the nation. These debates also focus on questions of resources and inequality. Who has access to the rights that marriage confers? Why does divorce lead to a reduction in women and children’s standard of living, and what can be done to change that? Making Changes Changes in family life have been a central concern for religious leaders, activists, and local communities of faith. Throughout American history, religion and family have been intertwined and interdependent institutions. Congregations, parishes, and synagogues have provided an important context for families to spend time together and have shaped the religious education and moral development of children and youths. Sociologists have long noted that marriage and parenthood make religion more important to people and increase their participation in local congregations. Sometimes, children who come from dysfunctional families continue in their roles because they are waiting for their parents to give their â€Å"permission†; to change. Like most people, parents in dysfunctional families often feel threatened by changes in their children. As a result, they may thwart efforts to change and insist that the children â€Å"change back. † Some specific changes one can do are: (1) Identify painful or difficult experiences that happened during your childhood; (2) Make a list of your behaviors, beliefs, etc. that you would like to change; (3) Next to each item on the list, write down the behavior, belief, etc. that you would like to do/have instead; (4) Pick one item on your list and begin practicing the alternate behavior or belief. Choose the easiest item first; (5) Once you are able to do the alternate behavior more often than the original, pick another item on the list and practice changing it, too; (6) Believe in God’s grace that he will heal all the painful experiences in your list (in no. 1) and pray His love will help you change all the behaviors listed and free you from bondage. References: Bishop, George. (1999). â€Å"What Americans Really Believe, and Why Faith Isn’t as Universal as They Think. † Free Inquiry 19(3): 38-42 Bruce, Steve. (2001). â€Å"Christianity in Britain, R. I. P. † Sociology of Religion 61: 191-203. Forward, S. (1989). Toxic parents: Overcoming their hurtful legacy and reclaiming your life. New York: Bantam Books. Gill, R, C. Hadaway and P. Marler 1998 â€Å"Is Religious Belief Declining in Britain? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37: 507-16 Isaacson, Walter. (2003) Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York, Simon & Schuster. â€Å"Meeting the Needs of Dysfunctional Families† Catechist, January, (1993) Sommerville, C. (2002) â€Å"Stark’s Age of Faith Argument and the Secularization of Things: A. Commentary. † Sociology of Religion 63: 361-72 Vannicelli, M. (1989). Group psychotherapy with adult children of alcoholics: treatment techniques and countertransference. New York: Guilford Press.

Mary Prince Essay

1. To what extent does the autobiography of Mary Prince tell her own story?. The following essay shall asses to what extent Mary Prince’s story was published in her own words after being recorded down by Susanna Strickland and then edited by Thomas Pringle for publication. With the passing of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act by the British parliament in 1807, the attention of the campaigners against the slave trade switched to the issue of slavery itself. Although the trading in slaves itself had been banned , nothing had been done to free those already enslaved within the British Empire. In 1823 several religious groups, politicians and abolitionist supporters came together to form the Anti- Slavery Society who campaigned on behalf of those enslaved to the right of freedom. It wasn’t until august 1833 that the Slave Emancipation Act was finally passed, giving all slaves currently living in bondage within the British Empire their freedom after a set period of years. The 1833 Act did not actually come into force until the 1st of August 1834 and although the many enslaved people in the British West Indies were no longer legally slaves, they were still exploited, inhumanly treated and often forced to work for low wages and inadequate housing by former masters. The text ‘The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian slave. Related by herself. ’ was one of many slave narratives used by religious abolitionist 2. groups such as the Quakers to promote their campaign and rally public interest and support. It was also the first slave narrative by a black female from the British Caribbean. Mary Prince was a Bermudan woman that was born into slavery through her parents who where also slaves. She was sold away from her mother and siblings when she was 12 years of age. After many years in slavery with different masters and in various locations she finally arrived in England where she was technically classed as a free woman and left her then owners Mr and Mrs Woods after being threatened with being thrown out into the streets. With nowhere to go Mary took shelter with a couple from the Moravian church she had been attending and within a short period of time was introduced to Thomas Pringle an active abolitionist writer, a poet and the secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society within whose household she was then employed. A request was made to Pringle by Prince to have her story recorded so that ‘good people in England might hear from a slave what a slave had felt and suffered‘. Pringle agreed to this request and asked Susanna Strickland to recorded Princes narrative so that he may edit and publish it. Pringle makes it clear in the preface of the text that Mary requested this herself by stating ‘The idea of writing Mary Prince’s history was first suggested by herself. ’ he states this as he felt it important that the reader was absolutely clear that Prince was not in anyway coerced into telling her story, possibly knowing that he would receive heavy criticism from pro-slavery groups declaring he had taken advantage of Prince being in his 3. employment and in a venerable position and convinced her into helping him create a religious propaganda pamphlet serving only to guilt Christians into supporting his campaign. Throughout the text Prince continuously challenges the ideals of enslaved woman. Prince shows us that she was not as typically submissive as most people in England may have thought, and, that she has an assertive nature and a sense of agency giving us exact examples of the times she had confronted masters and stood up to them ‘I then took courage and said that I could stand the floggings no longer; that I was weary of my life’ it could be said these examples were put in to show Prince clearly has enough agency to put her in a position to ask for her story to be published by an employer . The problem is would a Slave after running away for several days and being brought home by her father to her master, dare speak to her master in this way. Prince even goes onto say ‘He did not flog me that day. ’ this seems highly unusual as most runaways were harshly punished by their masters as an example to other slaves, of the consequences, of running away. We could take into consideration the use of language as Prince states she was not flogged ‘that day’ perhaps meaning the punishment came later but in order to keep the momentum of the story moving along the memory was cut short upon editing. Something that is quiet unusual about Princes narrative is the lack of content of the issues surrounding sexual abuse. This is peculiar as sex abuse 4. of slaves seemed to be a distinctive feature of West Indian life for slaves in the 18th and 19th century. Sandra Paquet argues that ’social and religious prohibitions surrounding sexually explicit material in nineteenth century Britain and legal liabilities attached to the publication of such tracts placed further constraints on Mary Prince’s individual voice. Thomas Pringle being part of the Evangelical movement was fully aware that middle aged white Christian housewives would not want to read about sexual abuse as this would have been distasteful and black slave women already had a reputation for being sexually promiscuous so this would have discredited Prince as a witness. That said, Mary carefully gives details of incidents that have a rather sexual overtone, speaking of her old master Mr D_ she says; He had an ugly fashion of stripping himself quiet naked and ordering me to then wash him in a tub of water. This was worse to me than all the licks. Sometimes when he called me to wash him I would not come, my eyes were full of shame. But it does not end there, prince goes on to inform the reader ‘for he was a very indecent man -very spiteful, and too indecent; with no shame for his servants, no shame for his own flesh. , here Prince has managed to keep this part of her story in the text by either knowing to tread carefully or by Pringle helping to prune it. Whilst Prince does not state that she has been sexually abused she hints an alludes to the idea that there was something very sexual in nature about the relationship between Mr D_ and the slaves he 5. owned. The preface of the text written by Thomas Pringle testifies to the truthfulness and authenticity of the narrative by saying ‘The narrative was taken down from Mary’s own lips’ also he states ‘ No fact of importance has been omitted, and not a single circumstance or sentiment has been added. this is a rather bold statement when put into the context that the narrative is being told by someone heavily reliant on memory. Sometimes things are remembered differently in hindsight. It is clear from the evidence of scars on Princes body (something Strickland claims to have seen with her own eyes) that she has been through a somewhat traumatic experience of slavery, so we have to question how that may have affected her memory and how much did Pringle fill in the blanks with his own input. An example is Princes memory of being sold off at the slave auction by her mother ‘I was then put up for sale. The bidding commenced at a few pounds, and gradually rose to fifty-seven,’ how can a girl of 12 years old, amongst the chaos of a thriving slave market, with the grief of being ripped apart from her mother and siblings heavy on her heart and after 30+ years of traumatising abuse, whilst being held in bondage, in all honesty remember the exact amount she was sold for. For it may seem a small detail but it does lead the reader to question the authenticity of the small details within Princes narrative. It could have been added later by Pringle to help the narrative read more flowingly as a story to help keep the reader interested. Pringle being a writer himself knew that 6. people were not interested in reading patchy stories that lacked sentiment and that are hard to follow ,so, he had to make it appealing to his audience. Drawing to conclusion the evidence that has been examined shows that the narrative does include Princes own voice, even though there is at times evidence to suggest that it could have been heavily edited and pruned. Despite this, between Prince’s voice and Pringles clever editorial skills the goal for Mary to tell her story and make it public knowledge in order to gain freedom for all slaves was a successful one. So damning and full of sentiment was her narrative that it helped push forward the Slave Emancipation Act, which in turn earned thousands of enslaved people their freedom and changed the shape of industry forever. The fact that that Mary Princes story is still studied, analysed and used as an example by writers, teachers and students alike adds testament to the authenticity of her voice and the fact that her narrative reflects the self made herione that she was.

The History Of Alcatraz essays

The History Of Alcatraz essays Although Alcatraz sits in the middle of San Francisco Bay, only a little over a mile from the city, the island seemed as distant as if it were a thousand miles out to sea. The island seems uninviting and because of its unappeal, it played an important role in the history of California. The island had a number of uses. Alcatraz was the site of a powerful fortress, a military prison and a federal prison. The island is surrounded by treacherous cross currents and five-knot tides with a deadly undertow. The water temperature around Alcatraz averages fifty-four degrees which is frigid enough to induce hypothermia. In addition to the freezing temperature, there are occasional sharks and whirlpools strong enough to drown a man. Although not appealing to a vacationer, the geography of the area was perfect for a prison as it made escape nearly impossible (Redden, 165). The California gold rush spurred the building of a lighthouse on the island. Wealth from gold increased San Franciscos ship traffic and population and a guiding light was needed to take the ships safely through the bay. In 1850, the military used the island as a defense. Places for cannons and gun placements were carved out of the land slopes. More than four hundred soldiers were stationed on the island, guarding it from outside attack. The militarys Rodman cannon could shoot fifteen inch, 440 pound cannonballs as far as three miles. The military moved off the island when the defense system became outdated (Golden Gate National Park Association, Discover Alcatraz, 2). During the Civil War, soldiers convicted of desertion, theft, rape, murder and treason were imprisoned on the island. During the Spanish War of 1898 military convicts were housed there. Later, groups of Native American activists occupied the island on three different occasions. Their stays ranged from four hours to nineteen months. The Native Americans claimed the island for the Indians...

Causes And Effects Of Traffic Congestion Tourism Essay

Causes And Effects Of Traffic Congestion Tourism Essay Jain, Sharma and Subramanian mentioned that congestion in the United States has increased dramatically since the last twenty-five years, which is the same as many countries that suffering from traffic congestion currently. From the authors’ prospective, one of the major causes of traffic jam in the most cities is ‘poor road traffic management system’. Increasing of traffic congestion every year is causing increasing of air pollution, wasting of time and productivity and causes diverse diseases such as, respiratory diseases. Moreover, the cost of solving or reducing traffic congestion is enormous. However, neglecting the traffic jam problem would increase the social problems among citizens. The next part of this essay illustrates many causes of traffic congestion in different cities around the world, and the effects of these causes on the environment. Furthermore, the solutions that solved the traffic jam problem, and the suggested solutions that could help to red uce the congestion in some cities. Causes and Effects This part of the essay demonstrates many causes, effects and possible solutions of traffic congestion problems. 1. Los Angeles (USA). Causes and Effects: One of the main causes of traffic congestion in Los Angeles (United States of America) is ‘car culture’, which means many people in the city or county owned private cars (Thisdell, 1993). Additionally, the land-use pattern is an important reason that makes people in Los Angeles were using private cars widely and made transport planning difficult. Furthermore, traffic congestion increased due to no underground railway and public transport in Los Angeles. Moreover, the high numbers of vehicles, which are a result of overpopulation and the economic growth, and the weak of public transportation, have a negative effect on the environment such as air pollution, which happened on Saturday when commuter traffic is insignificant. Sorensen (2009) illustrated many reasons that make Los Angeles have traffic congestion such as ‘Common misconceptions’ and ‘high regional population density’. As an example of common misconceptions, people in Los Angeles love cars’ driving, which means the relation between people and their cars is very strong and described as love’s relation. As an example of ‘high regional population density’ is drivers were not consider roads as a problem of traffic congestion. Sorensen said that high population and some of the other factors that aforementioned could also make the traffic jam worse. Solutions: Thisdell (1993) mentioned that Los Angeles County transportation committee said creates more roads for cars will not solve traffic congestion problems, with increasing numbers of people and vehicles. Also, traditional public transport such as buses will be more effective in limited areas only. The committee suggested that ‘Metro’ system, which is a complete project of pu blic transport including underground railways, buses and developing motorways. It is clear that, the system has many advantages such as reducing time loss, increase productivity and cut pollution. However, the cost of making just the first part of Metro project was $1.35 billion. In addition, there are some threats to human life such as, gas and earthquakes. Sorensen (2009) mentioned about some short strategies that can solve traffic problem in Los Angeles such as, encouraging people to use ‘ride-sharing’ and bicycles, improve the system of controlling the traffic light and make it more efficient, which are inexpensive solutions but very effective and eco-friendly. The other solution is ‘Peak -hour road pricing’ which make people pay some money to drive on specific roads at specific period of the day Downs (2004). This solution makes roads expensive and avoids traffic congestion at peak hours.

Illegal Immigrants and Their Effects on Crime in America Research Paper

Illegal Immigrants and Their Effects on Crime in America - Research Paper Example USA, illegal immigrants represent a relatively high percentage of the population – if compared with other countries with similar political and economic frameworks. The reason is probably that job market in the USA is highly developed – following the high performance of the country’s industries; another reason could be also the fact that the countries surrounding USA – referring especially to the countries cited in the south, especially Mexico – have weak economies– compared to that of USA; therefore, USA is considered by immigrants as an exceptional chance for improving the quality of life; under these terms, immigrants decide to enter USA even illegally – most of them do not meet the requirements for entering the USA legally. This practice has led to the increase of the number of illegal immigrants across USA; at the next level, the increase of criminal activity developed in most states has been related with illegal immigrants. This i ssue is set under examination in this paper; it is proved that the rate of illegal immigration in USA has started to be decreased; however, the crimes in which illegal immigrants are involved have not been particularly reduced; it is concluded that measures need to be taken by the USA government so that immigrants are discouraged from entering the country illegally; in other words, preventive measures should be rather developed instead of punitive ones. The population of illegal immigrants in USA is high; in accordance with a recent report the illegal immigrants in USA are estimated to 11.9 million – a figure reflecting the country’s illegal immigrants population for 2008 (Americans for Legal Immigration Political Action Committee, ALIPAC, 2010); it is also noted that ‘the nations immigrant population (legal and illegal) reached nearly 38 million in March 2007, one-third of which are comprised of illegal immigrants’ (ALIPAC, 2010). In a series of statistics presented by the Center for Immigration Studies, the

Food Safety; Pests and Vectors; Air Quality Essay

Food Safety; Pests and Vectors; Air Quality - Essay Example Among the two approaches stated above; training the restaurant employees seems more practicable and productive. This approach has also been applied at Philadelphia in 2009; Don Sapatkin (2009) explains that they adapted a risk-based approach in which emphasis was given to food worker’s knowledge and behavior. It is very important for them to comprehend as to how contamination is spread and how to prevent it. Frequent inspections by restaurant inspectors also play a crucial role in maintaining a good and healthy standard of food service. Personal hygiene of the workers in the restaurants is mandatory. It is noticed that restaurant owners serve much time on the cleanliness of the kitchens and tables etc. but don’t pay attention if the cooks and workers are washing their hands at regular intervals. The workers should be trained and made aware of the food-borne illnesses they are likely to transmit through their food if they are not hygiene cautious. US Food and Drug Administration (2009) states that there is another very important factor regarding food safety; which is the knowledge of temperatures for cooking specific ingredients .e.g. each portion of cooked chicken must reach a minimal internal temperature of 165F for 15 seconds. They should also be aware as to which food is more prone to develop bacteria and at what temperature they should be cooked to remove them. Workers should be urged to wear head gears whenever they are in contact with food to promote a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach. Another thing that should be monitored is that the temperatures of refrigerators are maintained at a suitable temperature. It is often noticed by inspectors that the air temperature of walk-in refrigerators are kept warm. Question 2: Describe the recommendations you would give the public to prevent further spread of West Nile Virus by mosquitoes. Describe the

Article Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Response - Essay Example Ziegelman then provides a brief history about the introduction of pickle in America in 19th century by immigrants. She terms a pickle as pungent, toxic and morally suspect. The pickle became popular due to its cheap price. Pickles were also considered by charity and health workers to be a stimulant like coffee, whiskey and tobacco. Children from poor families always had a strange fascination about pickles. Efforts were then made to transform immigrant food into American food. This began with the separation of children from their pickles. Cooking classes were established to teach immigrants about American way of cooking and homemakers were trained how to make simple American food including chowders and pies. In 1919 and 1920, New York City’s Board of Education started to feed immigrant children with American food in place of pickles. Pickles had not ceased by mid 1920s, so quotas were issued to stop immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. However, the pickle did not stop; Americans started to use it as diet reforms declined, and nowadays pickles are enjoyed as normal food. This story shows that one can eat any kind of food and speak any language and still be an American. Therefore, what makes an American to be an American is citizenship and not food or culture. Immigrants can be assimilated to become American without necessarily forcing them to abandon their culture and food. American society is made up of diverse communities with different cultures and behaviours, but those differences never make them less or more American than others. In my case, I eat pickles. The introduction of pickles to United States is a thrilling story that may make some people who are radical to the American culture to hate pickles. However, I think that the story just indicates how the society accepts diversities in form cultural values and ways of life. I can eat food from any community as long as they do not have any negative health effects. Pickles have been eaten

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna Ultra-Wide band communications attracted great interest of researchers as it has become one of the most promising technologies for short range mobile systems, Personal Area Networks (PAN) and high speed indoor data communication applications. FCC mentioned parameters for the complete functioning of UWB antennas and they have to cover the bandwidth specified by FCC to attain adequate performance. UWB has the advantage of high data rates with extremely low interference to other narrow band systems. The ultra short pulses provide extremely good spatial resolution, as the range provided by UWB is enough to seize down the major applications of daily life like in ground penetrating radars, parking radars, biomedical imaging, precision tracking and location finding. Various types of UWB antennas have been proposed and implemented with different feeding techniques, such as transmission line, probe feed, dual feed and coplanar waveguides (CPW). A compact antenna design fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed. Overall dimensions of antenna are 28ÃÆ'-24 mm2. The design is fabricated and further analyzed to confirm its proper working in UWB range. The design of antenna is quite flexible as fiddling with the patch of microstrip antenna has been done in order to enhance the bandwidth which is the most valued obsession in the current environment. On the other hand, CPW has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion at higher frequency, small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate and coplanar capability. Using CPW as feeding structure to excite a patch antenna has become very popular recently. The proposed antenna offers an excellent performance for UWB systems by providing bandwidth ranging up to 15.65GHz. Critical design parameters return loss and radiation patterns are investigated in detail. Proposed antenna provides good impedance matching, stable gain characteristics and consistent radiation patterns over its almost whole frequency band of interest. Chapter 1 Introduction Project Overview IEEE defines antenna as a device for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves. They are used both as transmitter and receiver. This is era of wireless communication. Antennas are an important means of wireless communications now days. The need of time is compact small size antennas with enhanced bandwidth and gain. Amongst all antenna types microstrip patch antennas are most common. They are light in weight and consume low power. But patch antennas have disadvantage that they have narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are used to enhance bandwidth. Ultrawide band antennas have many applications and for many years they have been used for broadband and spread spectrum features in radar systems. The UWB performances of antennas result from excitation by non-sinusoidal signals with quickly time-varying performances [1]. UWB are low power consumption antennas and are for unlicensed applications. As name suggests, they have broad spectrum. Problem Statement Ultra wideband technology is used in low power, short range and high bandwidth communication. In UWB; through spreading information can be transmitted over a larger bandwidth and spectrum is also shared with the other users at the same time. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated the license free band of 3.1GHz-10.6GHz for use in UWB applications. Since then there is a growing demand of UWB antennas for high data rate applications i.e. wireless personal area network (WPAN). UWB has had a important effect on antenna design. The major challenge in UWB antenna design is to achieve wide impedance bandwidth and stable gain while maintaining high radiation efficiency. Project Objective The purpose of this project is to design, stimulate, analyze and fabricate ultra wide band antenna using co-planer waveguide. Design and analysis of a compact antenna fed by CPW for UWB Applications is proposed Bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 15.65 GHz. Antenna offers an excellent performance for ultra-wide band systems by providing an ultra-wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1 18.75 GHz. Gain of the proposed antenna is 4.91dBi over its almost whole frequency band of interest Small size of antenna makes it suitable for applications which demand miniaturization of antenna structure and input impedance of 50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Methodology We have simulated the designed antenna using Ansoft HFSS. Then the simulated antenna is fabricated and tested on the network analyzer. The simulated and measured results are also explained. Organization of the thesis This report is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 2 presents the fundamental parameters of antenna. This includes an explanation of various parameters related to antenna performance including radiation intensity ,radiation pattern, power density , gain, directivity and polarization etc. Chapter 3 discusses the Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques. Chapter 4 includes Ultra wide band microstrip patch antenna, history of UWB antennas, their features and advantages. Chapter 5 describes antenna design, simulated results, 2D and 3D radiation patterns for different frequencies and fabricated results. Chapter 6 concludes the entire work done throughout the designing of proposed antenna. Conclusion and future work helps to explore enormity of the subject. Chapter 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antenna 2.1 Radiation Pattern The radiation pattern describes the strength of the radiated field in different directions from the antenna, at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is also reception pattern, as it describes the receiving properties of the antenna. It is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases the radiation pattern is determined in far field regions and is defined as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or polarization [2]. The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but measured patterns are usually two dimensional in vertical or horizontal plane view. These measured patterns are presented in either rectangular or polar format. Following figure shows radiation pattern of an antenna in polar plane and Cartesian coordinate systems. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps7183/ps469/images/0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-03.jpg Figure-2.1: Radiation Pattern of an antenna in Cartesian and polar coordinates Radiation patterns are further categorized as relative and absolute radiation patterns. Absolute radiation patterns have absolute units of power or field strength. Relative radiation patterns are presented in relative units of power or field strength. The radiation measurement patterns are mostly relative to isotropic antennas, absolute gain of the antenna is established by antenna gain transfer method. The radiation pattern varies with the distance i.e. the patterns in near filed and far filed are different. The field pattern that exists close to the antenna is known as near filed, and far-field refers to the field pattern that exists at large distances. The far-field is called radiation field. Radiation field and power are what is commonly of interest, so antenna patterns are generally measured in the far-field region. For antenna pattern measurement the distance should be chose large enough not to be in near-field or in far field. The minimum allowed distance depends on the dimensions of the antenna relative to the wavelength. The formula for this distance is: rmin = 2d2/ÃŽÂ » (2.1) Where, rmin is the minimum distance from the antenna d is the largest dimension of the antenna ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength. 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes Radiation lobes are defines as portion of radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity [3]. These lobes are categorized as follow Major Lobes Minor Lobes Side Lobes Back Lobes 2.1.2 Major Lobe A major lobe is defined as the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation [2]. Normally an antenna has one major lobe. 2.1.3 Minor Lobe Any lobe except major lobe is called minor lobe. It usually represents the radiation pattern which is not desirable. 2.1.4 Side Lobe A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the main lobe [2]. Usually a side lobe is next to the main lobe and is in direction to the main lobe. 2.1.5 Back Lobe A back lobe is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180 ° with respect to the beam of an antenna or that is directed away from the main lobe [2]. File:Typical Antenna Pattern.jpg Figure 2.2: An illustration of major and minor lobes of radiation pattern 2.2 Field Regions The antenna fields are divided into three regions Reactive near field Radiating near field (Fresnel) Far field (Fraunhofer) http://www.nearfield.com/images/theory-ffdist.jpg Figure 2.3: Figure of Near Field and Far Field Regions 2.2.1 Reactive Near Filed It is the region immediately around the antenna. In this region the reactive filed predominates. The distance of this filed with antenna is usually R 2.2.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Radiating near filed is defines as that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-filed and the far-filed region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna [2]. The distance of inner boundary is R 2.2.3 Far Field Region (Fraunhofer) Far Field region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna where the angular filed distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna [2]. 2.3 Radiation Intensity Radiation Intensity is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle. It is the parameter of far field radiation. 2.4 Directivity Directivity is figure of merit for antennas. It is the power density an antenna radiates in direction of maximum radiation to the average power density radiated by an isotropic antenna. Directivity for an isotropic antenna is always unity. It is expressed as D= (2.2a) (2.2b) Where, D is directivity and U is radiation intensity, Uo is Intensity if an isotropic source and Prad is total radiation power. 2.5 Gain The gain and directivity of an antenna are closely related to each other. However for gain in denominator it is total power accepted by an antenna rather than total power radiated by an antenna. G= (2.3) Gain is dimensionless. According to IEEE standards, gain doesnt include losses arising from impedance mismatching or polarization mismatches. 2.6 Bandwidth The bandwidth is basically the difference or range between highest and lowest frequencies on which an antenna is operated. It is advantageous to have an antenna with high bandwidth. The bandwidth is expressed in term of ratio of upper cut off to the lower cutoff for broadband antennas. 2.7 Beamwidth Beamwidth is the angle usually measured in degrees; between the -3dB power radiated in the main lobe of radiation pattern. img383 Figure 2.4: Illustration of Beamwidth 2.8 Return Loss It is the amount of power that is reflected back in to the transmission line due to mismatching or any other error. It is the efficiency of power delivered to the load from the transmission line. Mathematical representation of Return loss is RL = 10log (2.4) Return loss is measured in dB. http://www.mwrf.com/Files/30/11240/Figure_05.gif Figure 2.5: Return Loss 2.9 Polarization Polarization is defined as point of reference of the electric field of the wave radiated by the antenna. It is categorized in three types: Linear Circular Elliptical 2.9.1 Linear Polarization When there is zero phase difference between x and y component of a wave then polarization is called linear polarization. Linear polarization is further divided into Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/images/3104.gif Figure 2.6: Linear Polarization 2.9.1.1 Horizontal Polarization Horizontal polarization is the one in which wave propagates in x-direction and there is no propagation along y direction. A horizontally polarized wave is explained as a function of time T and E-field position Ex = E1 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.5) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolHoriz.gif Figure 2.7: Horizontal Polarization 2.9.1.2 Vertical Polarization Vertical polarization is the one in which wave propagates in y-direction and there is no propagation along x direction. It can be written in mathematical form as Ey = E2 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.6) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolVert.gif Figure 2.8: Vertical Polarization 2.9.2 Circular Polarization If there is equal phase difference between two waves then there is circular polarization, either clockwise or anticlockwise. Wave moving in clockwise rotation is said to be left circularly polarized and the one propagating in counterclockwise rotation is right circularly polarized. Mathematically it is defined as Ex = E1 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.7) Ey = E2 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z + ÃŽÂ ´) (2.8) E1 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in x direction. E2 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in y direction. ÃŽÂ ´ is the phase difference. http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolCirc.gif Figure 2.9: Circular Polarization 2.9.3 Elliptical Polarization If two waves have unequal amplitude or phase then there is elliptical polarization. graphic 1 Figure 2.10 (a): Graphical Representation of Elliptical Polarization http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~jochena/images/elliptic2.gif Figure 2.10 (b): 3-D view of Elliptical Polarization 2.10 Voltage Standing Ratio VSWR is the ratio between maximum voltage and the minimum voltage. If there is a difference between load impedance and input impedance then there occurs reflection which causes instructive interference and destructive interference. Instructive and destructive interference produces maximum and minimum amplitudes respectively. Mathematical Expression for VSWR is VSWR= (2.9) http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves5.jpg Figure 2.11: Different Voltage amplitudes at different distances 2.11 Types of antennas There are six different types of antennas [2]. Microstrip Patch Antenna Lens Antenna Wire Antenna Array Antenna Reflector Antenna Aperture Antenna 2.11.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Microstrip patch antennas fall into the category of printed antennas [4]. A radiating patch is printed on a grounded substrate which is usually feed via a transmission line or coaxial cable. Patch can be of any shape and size i.e. circular, square, triangular or rectangular. Amongst all printed antennas i.e. Dipole, Slots, Tapered Slots antennas; Microstrip Patch Antennas are most famous. They are small in size, light in weight and low power consuming. But their bandwidths are smaller and have low gain. They are easy to integrate, good radiation control and cost of production is low. To increase bandwidth many techniques are used that is introducing slots and slits etc. They are used commercially in radars, wireless communications, satellites and mobiles etc. Figure 2.12: Microstrip patch Antenna http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_22121/fig188_01.jpg Figure 2.13 (a): Rectangular Patch Antenna (b): Circular Patch Antenna Microstrip Patch antennas are used in Microwave frequency range. They are used in arrays to increase the bandwidth and gain and for other purposes. http://www.antennamagus.com/database/antennas/99/Stacked_microstrip_patch_array-antenna_design.png Figure 2.14: Array of rectangular patch antennas 2.11.2 Lens Antenna Lens antennas are used to convert spherical radiated waves into plane waves in specific direction by using a source with microwave lens. It actually stops the divergent radiated energy to spread in undesired directions. These are mostly used for the high frequencies. A lens antenna may be of concave or convex shape. They are directional antennas and can scan wider angles. In comparison to reflectors; their gain is 1 or 2 dB less. Lens antennas may be constructed of non-metallic dielectrics or of metallic (artificial) dielectrics [5]. http://www.xibao-electronictech.com/images/product/2/210Lens-Antenna.gifhttp://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/img/largeimage/WaveguideLensAntennaPrjObj_404.jpg Figure 2.15 (a): Lens Antenna Figure 2.15 (b): Wave guide Lens Antenna 2.11.3 Wire Antenna Wire antennas consist of a simple wire that is used to radiate electromagnetic energy. These wire antennas can be of different shapes. Most commonly used are straight wire antennas i.e. dipoles, loops and helix. Beside half-wave dipoles and quarter wave monopoles, wires of arbitrary lengths are often used to form antennas. Wire antennas can be vertical, horizontal or sloppy with respect to the ground. They may be fed from centre, at end or anywhere in between. The wires can be thick or thin, the radiation of antenna depends upon the thickness of the wire. Antennas with length larger than ÃŽÂ »/2 are called Long-wire antennas. Figure 2.16 (a): Wire Antennas (a) Figure 2.16 (b): Dipole Circular loop 2.11.4 Array Antenna Array antennas are made up of more than one element basic of which is a dipole. Array antennas are the combination of radiating elements in such way that the radiation from these add up giving maximum or minimum radiation in a specific direction. They are used for higher directivity. They are made up of helices, dishes and other antennas. These elements are arranged to form broadside, end fire, collinear, driven and patristic arrays [5]. They are used in applications in which radiation cannot be achieved from single radiating element. They are low weight and low cost antennas. Examples of array antennas are Yagi-Uda, http://www.tennadyne.com/images/tennlpdanavy.JPG Figure 2.17: Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna 2.11.5 Reflector Antenna They are widely used to modify the radiation pattern of radiating elements. They are classified as active and passive reflectors. The active reflectors have corners made up of plane surfaces and they include periscopic antennas, flat-sheet reflectors and corner-reflector antennas. An active reflector may have corner elliptical, parabolic or spherical shape. Active reflectors include parabolic dish, truncated parabola, pill box etc. Reflectors are simple in design, involve only one surface and obey simple laws of optics. The applications of reflector antennas are radars and other point to point communication systems [5]. http://www.sameercal.org/images/reflector_antenna.jpg Figure 2.18: A co-secant Reflector Antenna 2.11.6 Aperture Antenna Aperture antenna is an important antenna for space communication. As the name suggests they consist of some cavity through which electromagnetic waves are transmitted or received. Apertures may be of any shape i.e. rectangular, circular or spherical. Larger the size of antenna larger will be the gain. Aperture antennas have to be placed carefully because they have narrow beam widths. Examples of aperture antennas include waveguides, reflectors horns, slots and lenses. Aperture antennas are commonly used in aircraft and spacecraft applications. http://www.analyzemath.com/antenna_tutorials/introduction_3.gif Figure 2.18: Horn Aperture Antenna Chapter 3 Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques 3.1 Introduction Spaceships, aircrafts and other military applications such as missiles where important constraints to consider are performance, manufacturing expenditures, smooth profile and ease of installation and now a days other systems such as wireless communication requires similar type of specifications to consider . And the basic component which is required by these listed applications for transmission of instructions or data and to receive these instructions on the receiver end is antenna. Hence to meet the requirements listed above e.g. smooth profile, cost and performance etc Microstrip antennas are used. Microstrip antennas are diminutive profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, easy and cheap to construct using the up to date printed circuit technology. Microstrip antennas have very flexible behavior to polarization, resonant-frequency, and impedance and radiation pattern. They are also used to increase the bandwidth. They consist of a ground plane over which a substrate is mounted and the radiating patch is mounted on the substrate. Generally the ground plane and the dielectric substrate have equal length and width. The Microstrip antennas are illustrated by the width, length and the height of the dielectric substrate which is sandwiched in between the ground plane and the radiating patch 3.2 Structural Configuration The structural configuration of micro strip patch antenna is shown in figure Figure 3.1: Structural Configuration of Patch Antenna It consist of a thin (t Figure 3.2: Side View of Patch Antenna The length of the patch is usually ÃŽÂ »/3 3.3 Formula for Rectangular Patch Antenna To draw the width of the patch we use the formula (3.1) And the length of the patch can be drawn as: (3.2) To reduce the fringing effects we use the following formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L= 0.412h (3.3) Here à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L is the trimmed length from antenna. (3.4) 3.4 Feeding Methods Following feeding methods are most popular and are used with microstrip antennas 1. Microstrip line feed 2. Coaxial probe feed 3. Aperture coupled feed 4. Proximity coupled feed 5. Coplanar waveguide feed These methods are either contacting or non-contacting. Contacting methods are those in which there is a direct contact between the transmission line and the radiating surface whereas in non-contacting methods, electromagnetic field coupling method is used to transfer the power. 3.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed In this feeding method, the line feed is conducting strip of small width as compared to the patch. It is the easiest feeding method; easy to fabricate and simple to model. The radiating strip is placed at radiating patchs edge and it is of the same material that is used for patch. If length of the strip is greater than the wavelength, losses will be generated. It can be reduced if the strip line has a substrate with high dielectric constant and low weight, so that the fields are confined to the strip line. A line feed of dimensions 17x3mm is used to obtain 50ÃŽÂ © input resistance. Figure 3.1: Patch with Microstrip Line Feed 3.4.2 Coaxial probe feed In coaxial probe feeds, coax inner conductor is attached to the radiating patch while the other conductor is connected to the ground plane. It is used widely. Its fabrication is easy and has low spurious radiation that is radiation outside the band frequency. It is has narrow bandwidth and it is hard to model for thick substrate. Matching also becomes difficult for thicker substrate because of increase length of probe make it more inductive, its inductance effect can be reduced by using a series of capacitors. Figure 3.2: Patch with coaxial probe feed 3.4.3 Aperture coupling feed It is the non-contacting feed. The two substrates are separated by ground plane in it. The microstrip feed line is on the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a; whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane which separates the two substrates. A material with higher dielectricity is used for bottom substrate therefore, by this arrangement independent optimization of the feed mechanism and the radiating element can be carried out. For top substrate a thick, low dielectric constant material is used. The ground plane between the two substrates isolates the feed from the radiating element and minimizes the interference. The configuration is shown in the figure Figure 3.3: Patch with aperture coupling feed Matching is performed by controlling the width of the feed line and the length of the slot. Amongst all four techniques this is the hardest to fabricate and has narrow bandwidth. It is somehow easy to model and has moderate spurious radiation. 3.4.4 Proximity coupling feed In this feeding method, microstrip line is placed between two substrates and the radiating patch is placed on the upper substrate. This coupling is capacitive in nature. This coupling has the largest bandwidth as high as 13%. It is easy to model and has low spurious radiation. Its fabrication is somehow difficult. However, length of the stub help in improving the bandwidth, and width-to-line ratio of the patch can be used to control the match. The coupling feed is shown Figure 3.4: Patch with Proximity Coupling Feed 3.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed This feeding technique is used when patch antenna is used in microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC). The coplanar feed is fabricated on a ground plane and coupling is achieved through a slot. This feeding method reduces the radiation from feed structure because of its unusual method of coupled slot. Since CPW (coplanar waveguide) has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion and small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines, which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate, using CPW as the feeding structure to excite the patch antenna through a slot has become very popular recently. In addition, CPW structure can maintain constant characteristic impedance while varying its geometry, which provides a better impedance matching possibility Figure 3.5: Patch with Coplanar Waveguide Feed 3.3 Categorization on the basis of bandwidth:- On the basis of range of frequency bands, microstrip patch antennas can be categorized into three main classes which are: antenna for narrow band applications antenna for wide band applications antenna for ultra wideband applications Chapter 4 ULTRA WIDEBAND 4.1 Introduction A series of very short baseband pulses with time duration in nano-seconds that exist on ALL frequencies simultaneously. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) can range from hundreds of thousands to billions of pulses/second. Very low power: 41dbm/MHz (FCC) and wide bandwidth: 3.110.6 GHz Modulation techniques include pulse-position modulation binary phase-shift keying And others Radio technology that modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier waves 4.1.1 Narrow band vs. Wide band signals UWB could be used to Indoor, short-range communications for high data rates, OR Outdoor, long-range, but for very low data rates 4.1.2 Large Relative Bandwidth UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum. Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude. Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total.UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios 4.1.3 Large Fractional Bandwidth Large fractional bandwidth leads to High processing gain and Multipath resolution and low signal fading. Fractional Bandwidth is the ratio of signal bandwidth (10 dB) to center frequency: Bf = B / FC = 2(Fh-Fl) / (Fh+Fl) 4.1.4 Scalable Technology with Low Power UWB benefits from basic information theory results when: Signal Bandwidth >> Data Rate .Power efficient low-order modulation can be used even for relatively high data rates.Data rates can scale independent of PRF by integrating bit intervals over multiple pulse intervals 4.1.5 Multipath Performance Ultra-wide bandwidth provides robust performance in multipath environments . 4.1.6 UWB Data Rates 4.2 UWB channels Indoor Within a room (LOS NLOS) Investigates the impact of Distance Rx/Tx antenna heights Antenna polarization C:mat_dirsuwblimitsindoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems Outdoor Campus environment Low altitude Mobility C:mat_dirsuwblimitsoutdoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held Systems 4.3 Emission limits for UWB UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, Medical Imaging Systems. Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies. UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging Surveillance Systems 4.4 Features of UWB :- Ultra-short pulses Baseband transmission Low duty