Education and Poverty Essay

Education of poor is a challenge that has kept American political and academic quarters on a precipitous edge. Although the government spends billions of dollars on various social welfare activities especially directed towards eradicating poverty and bridging up the enormous gap that exists poor have always found education a distant realm, where their access is limited and its longevity is in doubt. The issue takes a very drastic form when even the children of American poor are unable to avail available educational opportunities. Among all the developed countries, United States of America reports highest levels of child poverty where one child in every six children lives below poverty line. According to US Bureau of Census (1998), out of total 36 million poor living in USA, 15 million of them were children and among them, around 25 percent children face extreme poverty. Incidences of poverty among children have extremely negative implications for their academic and educational opportunities, seriously devastating their early formative years, that in turns jeopardize rest of their life. An overwhelming volume of research in the field brings out conclusive relationship between social economic status and educational opportunities. The relationship becomes more proportional with lowering economic status where academic underachievement and discrepancies in educational opportunities are very acute. This paper looks into the social, economic and political implications of under-education of poor children in USA and identify the ways that can prove effective in ensuring compulsory education for every American child, irrespective of their socio-economic status. Education as a social problem The issue of education has become a matter of great public and social concern due to the differential nature of the education policy and the school system, creating and an unbalanced and destabilized social structure. Moreover, as academicians, have indicated, the reason for worry is that while school system has been made elaborate, their deliverable content has been not, negating the purpose of the education and creating a society of literate but uneducated people (Kumar, 1997). Educationists and public policy makers, despite their claims and efforts of creating a world class school system and education model to cater to the needs of future America and meets the purpose of extending education’s benefits to every class of the society, have missed the beat by focusing more on academic parameters while ignoring the socio-economical-cultural aspects that play equally important part in determining the final outcome (Pipho, 1999). A failed socio-economical system, with widespread social evils and depleted living conditions, especially in the semi-urban areas and urban slums creates diversified pockets within the social structure that makes the possibility of any qualified education and school system a difficult proposition under the existing set of circumstances. The vicious cycle Education and poverty share a very deep, although inverse relation, each one determining the eventual impact and influence of other. For example, according to National Assessment of Educational Progress (2000) evaluation, educational outcomes is determined by birth weight, nutrition, housing quality, and access to health care. These factors have important bearing on cognitive functioning of child and quality of parenting, that in turn determines educational achievement. Low quality of educational attainment is a major cause of poverty, and poverty is a key determinant of academic performance. Therefore, poverty establishes a vicious cycle where it reinforces its effect in a continuing cycle to make educational underachievement chronic, inflicting heavy costs on social development. Educational standards are further effected by lower public funding for schools serving low-income group than schools serving higher-SES children. Funding equity is yet largely unimplemented , and a number of discrepancies, including differential state and federal policies in fund allotment comes in question to affect equitable distribution of resources. Need for Early Intervention One of the most important determining factors of effective education is children’s academic interest that has substantial impact on academic achievement ((Wagner, Spiker and Linn, 2002)). Children displaying interest, motivation, engagement, goals, values, and self-efficacy demonstrate higher degree of academic success, highlighting the importance of these factors in educational outcome. According to Chapman et al (2000), quoted by Wagner, Spiker and Linn, (2002) shows that the relation between interests and skills starts to develop in the early formative years, and it has crucial role in predicting future achievement and learning capabilities of children. (Chapman et al. 2000). Research has shown that in the early years of development, children from both lower and higher socio economic groups show comparable degrees of confidence level, learning attitude, grasping ability and concentration(Alexander & Entwisle 1988, Stipek & Ryan 1997). However, as they are denied further opportunities to pursue education in an orderly and timely manner, they lose interest in school within the first years and gradually their competence, self confidence and educational inclination dwindles, bringing instability and disorientation in their approach. (Stipek & Tannatt 1984, Wigfield et al. 1997 as quoted by Wagner, Spiker and Linn, 2002). Skills and interest are reciprocal in nature and their outcome is often influenced by the available exposure and opportunities. Thus children who read more, get to develop better reading habits and children who give more time to mathematics have their numerical skills sharpened. Similarly, children who do not get to read or do not get engaged in mathematical exercises are likely to stay behind others. Children also get discouraged from actively taking up education due to their repeated academic failures, increasing frustration levels, and lack of motivational educational guidance. Failure, distress and teachers’ negative attitude towards children from low socio-economic groups are the key de-motivational factors that severely affect poor children and keeps them at permanent disadvantage against children from higher soci-economic structure((Wagner, Spiker and Linn, 2002)). Lower levels of expectations; parents’ indifference, and ground economic condition are other demotivating factors. These problems take irrevocable form as children get older and form their own peer groups that create substantial barrier in their integration with educational mainstream. ((Wagner, Spiker and Linn, 2002)). Students from lower economic groups form a disadvantaged lot from the very beginning of their life. They have very few books, educational toys and experience with education. Research about poverty and educational facilities have shown that less than half the pre-school children from lower economic groups have access to educational books, while for better off families, almost 98 percent of pre school children have complete set of educational accessories. Children from poor families on average receive only 25 hours of book reading by the time of school entry, while the same figure is 1000 to 1700 hours for middle-class children. Poverty misshapes the entire educational construct and context of children. It substantially alters their emotional and behavioral function, relationships with adults and peers, and family, school, and community; In these key areas of development, low-SES children are placed at risk and disadvantage against their peers from higher income group (Stevenson, 1997) Poverty instigates a range of externalizing problems such as aggression, inattention, impulsivity and rebelliousness- all of these leading to gradual academic underachievement. Children become disruptive and noncompliant and develop behavior problems such as problems in paying attention, relating to others and controlling their emotion. This problem is further compounded by teachers’ reaction to situation, who adopt a stricter code of conduct for children displaying behavioral problems in attempt to bring their focus back on studies. However, more than often, children from lower socio-economic background are knowingly or inadvertently discriminated. It pushes them closer to each other and instigates rule breaking habits, indiscipline, disobedience and finally delinquent behavior-a process that completely sew off their connection with schools and academics ((Wagner, Spiker and Linn, 2002; Stevenson, 1997) Analysis of Academic Influence One of major initiative in bridging up the gap among children from middle and higher income group and children form lower income group is application of technology and science. It is envisaged that computers could play a important role in bringing about a harmonized and equitable educational structure. Although current computer access is very limited for low-income group children, the increasing pace of their expansion in educational framework holds many promises towards its re-design and restructure that could benefit large number of children from lower economic groups (Stevenson, 1997) Researchers have constantly identified need of integrating technology through the earliest phases of education to prepare them to compete with other children when they grown mature. Issues in improving public education to include Poor With huge investment and cash flow, but insignificant results to show for, following are the major issues in improving the American school system to orient them to needs of all the socio-economic group (Barnes, 1997)

Time and Professionalism

What is professionalism? There are many different forms of professionalism depending on whose opinion of professionalism it is. I will go with my opinion of professionalism. For the thirty years of my life I must say, I have learned a lot about my experiences in life. I’ve learned from myself, I have learned from my friends, and I have learned from mere strangers. I have seen people succeed in their goals. I have seen people fail in their goals. Failing doesn’t mean that you can’t try again. I believe we learn from our mistakes or if you possibly can, learn from others before you commit the same mistake. Well, I have come to a great conclusion. Professionalism plays a major, a very important role in succeeding in life despite of what goal you are trying to reach. To become a doctor there comes a need for a great amount of professionalism. To become a stockbroker, there is a need for people with nothing but a great mind and professionalism. Even to become a professional football player, despite of the great skills you may have to catch a 60 yard pass for a touchdown, there is still a great amount of professionalism expected from that professional wide receiver. Professionalism comes in many different aspects. The first most important aspect of being professional is the mere first image that you present yourself with. I say professionalism starts with your dress code and hygiene. The first detail you will put out to a person meeting you the first thing is that of how you are dressed. You should be dressed up for the occasion you are presenting yourself for. In an interview for example, a man should be dressed with a dark suit with a plain matching tie and decent shoes, also with his hair groomed. The second most important aspect of being professional is how you present yourself! Yes, you may be well groomed, with a perfect elegant suit but, if you do not have the perfect elegant professional attitude, the attire well, does not mean a thing. Professionalism plays a part in every characteristic of any person. So that being said, when being professional make sure you have the proper aura present. Make sure when you meet that important person that will decide your fate that you have a welcoming smile on your face. Make sure you present enough eye contact that you seem very much interested in what that person is trying to offer you and at the same time, not too much eye contact that it may come across to the other person that you are being maybe too cocky. Greet that person with a firm but not too firm handshake. Make sure that interviewer knows that you are comfortable and also make him or her feel just as comfortable. That is a big plus. Although I emphasized that the first impression you make to anyone will determine to the other person on what level your professionalism is to them. Do not forget that consistency is key to life. Yes, your first impression is big and will have a great impact on anyone. Anyone can have a great impression for one day. Can you do it on a daily basis? Can you maintain your characteristics of professionalism? Can you leave a great impression on people every day? This leads me to my third most important aspect of professionalism. Consistency! Although I put it at third most important does not mean that it is not as important as the first two. They play a role together as one. Consistency is big on every part of your personality, characteristic, and statistically. Are you prepared to be dressed professional at all times despite of whatever affair you may have? Are you willing to dress to the occasion? Are you prepared to have a great attitude and personality at all times, despite of what personal issues you may have? Can you keep that smile on your face and a positive attitude? Are you able to keep your good grades at all times? Are you able to have a 100% attendance? Can you show me 100% effort every day? Yes you have to have a great attitude and be dressed accordingly at all times but, can you do this 99. 9 percent of the time. This is what people look for in a professional. Someone they can rely on. There is one thing people tend to forget when talking about professionalism. Everyone has free personal time to enjoy their lively hood. There is no objecting to that. But do not forget that although you are on your own free personal time that there is not anyone watching you. As a famous musician once said, â€Å"the streets is watching†. There are always eyes on you if you are in a public place. You cannot everyday go to work and display a personality of professionalism, then go out to a club and be the worst most obnoxious person ever. Well you can. But I bet you didn’t see your assistant manager on the other side of that club watching you with astonishment! That one mistake may have cost you your whole chance of becoming the next person to being promoted in that company. That is why I say consistency is key. You cannot be professional in places where you think may only matter. Once you take a career that involves you being professional, you must always display that same amount of professionalism at ll times. When you are at work, when you’re out at the park, when you’re at the movies, at a bar, anywhere you go you must be professional at all times. This does not mean you cannot have fun. You can have fun and be professional. Just as long as you present yourself in a respectable fashion. I personally will display all these aspects to my experiences in m y future for my externship. I have learned a lot about myself and my experiences. I must admit. Most times I have not lived in a professional manner. I am now seeing things in different light. I am seeking the respect of a different group of people than in my past. I know that with all being said above. Without me living up to my knowledge and words I cannot succeed in my field of study so now it comes to that point that I will have to have a great output in my personality, my dress code, and I have to be consistent at all times. I have not been perfect, and I know no one is but I can only try! So after this report I will sit back and evaluate my little theory in professionalism and understand. I can’t only talk about it. I will be about it!

Burns

Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html

Submit 1-page reflection on your analysis Article

Submit 1-page reflection on your analysis - Article Example I have heard a lot about the communicative material way of learning i.e. the students can contribute through speech while learning. The discussion session is considerably the most fruitful manner of learning since the students would be able to recall the reasons posed by peers back to back (Moorey 16). Also, the contributions of different civilizations could not have been discussed more effectively than by writing about it. The essay was yet another extension to the experience of learning session in the classroom. It has also helped me in writing the experience in the shape of points. Overall, my experience in the classroom was very effective. Especially, the contributions of the Egyptians were quiet interesting to know during the learning session. I would not just limit my experience of learning the contributions of different civilizations to myself but I would also like to continue researching about it. Finally, I would suggest that the classroom session must have discussion and speech to recall the contributions

Theoretical physics questions answered Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Theoretical physics questions answered - Essay Example (see answer-3) The remaining questions are about the rest of the paper, it would be sufficient for me if you could quote a book and chapter where I could find an answer to the respective question: -page 5: what do you mean by "carry no energy or momentum however ha energy-momentum" This means that massless particles are meaningless in Newtonian mechanics because they carry no energy or momentum and cannot sustain any force. Now, the relativistic expression for energy and momentum which is: however allows for non-zero energy-momentum for a massless particle when and this requires |v| 1. Furthur, in order to relate the energy E and momentum p we can assume that the relation p2 = m2 is valid for m = 0, and so, a massless particle's energy E and momentum p are related by E = |p|. page 7: I do not understand the sentence: "mediator has to be given on-zero spin" This actually wants to say that in order to accommodate the observed properties of the long-range electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, we also need to give the mediator a on-zero spin. However, this is non-trivial. _ page 8: why does the P operator transform under the fundamental This is an intrinsic requirement in any space-time study dealing with real vector spaces. Here 'P' is the orthogonal parameter that is subject to fundamental representation whereas U(A) is the unitary parameter representing the Lorentz group. This stands for transformations of the vector space that preserve the length of vectors. There are two vectors having zero scalar product in one reference frame which will remain orthogonal in the rotated frame. Remember space-time is itself a fundamental dynamic variable. - page 9 : eq 14: it is not clear to me why it is sufficient to consider the... This means that massless particles are meaningless in Newtonian mechanics because they carry no energy or momentum and cannot sustain any force. Now, the relativistic expression for energy and momentum which is: however allows for non-zero energy-momentum for a massless particle when and this requires |v| 1. This actually wants to say that in order to accommodate the observed properties of the long-range electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, we also need to give the mediator a on-zero spin. However, this is non-trivial. This is an intrinsic requirement in any space-time study dealing with real vector spaces. Here 'P' is the orthogonal parameter that is subject to fundamental representation whereas U(A) is the unitary parameter representing the Lorentz group. This stands for transformations of the vector space that preserve the length of vectors. There are two vectors having zero scalar product in one reference frame which will remain orthogonal in the rotated frame. Remember space-time is itself a fundamental dynamic variable. The irreps corresponding to the massless particles are found using the irreps of the little group for the massless particles and thus this is a better option. This little group is actually isotropy group and is a subgroup of the Poincare. no "internal Yang-Mills index" ^a which in our case transforms under space-time SO(1,3) rather than internal

Family health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family health Assessment - Essay Example The family is financially sound and qualifies to be a middle-income family. The children are students in high school and college. The health patterns are based on Gordon’s list of functional health patterns (2008). The following is the summary of their responses to the assessment questions. The family is conscious about health. The family engages in several activities aimed at boosting their health. The parents and children understand the importance of healthy living and regard each other dearly. There is a very strong bond holding the family together. In addition, the family belongs to the catholic faith that advocates better family values and morals. However, they do not follow the religious tenets fully. The family considers diet as the most influential aspect of their health. The mother is a major decision maker on the type of food the household eats. She expressed her confidence that her meals are well balanced and were the basis of the good health of family members. The family members also participate in sports and other activities with the neighbors to boost their health and maintain relations in the neighborhood. On average, the family sleeps around 7 hours a night. Mostly, the father, who is a professor at a local college, wakes up around 5am to prepare for his lectures. The family admitted that the hours they dedicate to sleep are enough to rejuvenate their body and mind. However, the father is compelled by work to sleep fewer hours, thus is unsatisfied and has to take a nap sometime within the day. The children often slept around 11 pm and wake up for school at 6 am. Due to the busy nature of the parents, exercising is a rare phenomenon. The only notable exercise is when participating in the community games. The daughters are also busy with their education and thus find little or no time for exercises. However, the daughter’s activity level is a bit higher due to schools games and activities that call for their

American Society and Culture in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Society and Culture in Film - Essay Example It would not be a mistake to suggest that the course heavily relies on several concepts that are used to design a framework for a detailed analysis of the cinema. Thus, the concept of historical as well as industrial contexts is engaged in order to show the diachronic value of films. Ideology is a notion which is used to translate the messages that are being sent. A genre is an important term which defines the place of a movie in a general perspective. Cinematic codes shed light on the way actual scenes, the building units of movies, are created. Visual politics explain the content of messages that are conveyed by the movies. The first concept that will be analyzed in great detail is historical context of a movie. It is quite obvious that cinema should be regarded as one of the forms of art, in spite of the fact that it is rather young if compared to others. Nevertheless, the popularity of it is big and resulted in the fact that movies became â€Å"an alternative to such established pastimes as the music hall, vaudeville, professional sports, and the saloon† (Jarvie, 1997, 249). As one can easily see, out of the pastimes which were named in the quote above, only professional sports survived. This means that movies should not be regarded as some kind of senseless entertainment, but rather an important act of aesthetic interaction between various parts of society – the function which the above-mentioned pastimes used to fulfill. One would make no mistake suggesting that watching a movie may be regarded as a modern equivalent of listening to folklore stories since both engage a person in an aes thetic dialogue and teach a certain lesion. The only difference is the extent to which image is used. In addition to that, movies often were used as a means to convey important messages, for example, in the movie The Great Dictator the directors designed aesthetics in a way to reflect the contemporary situation in Nazi Germany. What is more important is that at the present moment there is a clear distinction between watching a movie and going to a cinema.

Protection of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Protection of Human Rights - Essay Example Towards this direction it is supported that 'Britain has one of the worst human rights records in Europe and faces investigation over its failure to comply with a series of European court rulings'1. On the other hand, the recognition of human rights in Britain has been often related with specific sectors of the society, like the health sector. In this context, it has been noticed that 'there was much speculation about the potential impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on established principles of health care practice; now the statute has been "bedded in", predictions that existing good practice would not fall foul of the legislation provided it was demonstrable, have proved to be broadly accurate'2. As it will be explained below, the Human Rights Act 1998 has been extensively transformed through a series of laws that have been published since 1998 (i.e. ... rights in England: 'human rights remain at the heart of the foreign policy agenda and the UK works through international forums and bilateral relationships to spread the values of human rights, civil liberties and democracy'3. This paper will evaluate the development of English law on human rights in comparison with the international law on the specific issue (with a special reference to USA and Australia). In this context, the EU laws and the laws of countries within the international community, like USA and Australia, are going to be examined in order to identify the main elements of human rights law as they are highlighted and respected by countries internationally. The potential conflict among existed legislation will be also discussed (if identified) and appropriate courses of action are going to be suggested. Chapter One In order to understand the criteria used by legislators around the world (including UK) in order to develop the various provisions regulated the human rights we should refer primarily to all aspects of human rights as a concept of significant importance for both governments and public within the international community. In this context, it is stated that human rights can be characterized as 'basic moral guarantees that people in all countries and cultures allegedly have simply because they are people'4. On the other hand, it is supported that 'the term 'human rights' has mainly positive associations (with liberty, security, freedom of expression etc) but there is little understanding of the application of human rights / the HRA to normal life / public service delivery'5. In accordance with the above definitions, human rights should be extensively protected by the law because they are the rights that guarantee the development (personal, social

Romanticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Romanticism - Essay Example He becomes more of a life force than a person and can see and experience almost anything. These are some of the most powerful lines: Here Whitman shows that even the smallest things around us—a grain of sand, a pismire, a cow—contain an enormous history and an enormous power. A leaf of grass can stand in for all of creation. A tree-toad is a masterpiece. A mouse is capable of inspiring the awe of an entire religion. Most significantly, he writes that â€Å"the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery.† This is a celebration of all that has gone into creating the world and how deeply it can inspire us—like the best romantic poetry. Once again nature is an enormous canvas which is all interlinked and inspires great beauty. The bee is â€Å"kinsman† to the grass, and all the things of the world are â€Å"sweet litigants for life.† And on top of these sentiments, the bee is â€Å"sovereign,† not unlike the other small creatures of great inspirational power in Whitman’s poem. Two important elements of romanticism are the individual versus society and a reliance on human emotion over cold rationality. Both of these principles can be seen in effect in Rousseau’s Confessions and in Wordsworth’s poem â€Å"Tintern Abbey.† Rousseau’s long autobiography Confessions constantly points out how different and apart he is from other people. "I am not made like any of those I have seen; I venture to believe that I am not made like any of those who are in existence. If I am not better, at least I am different." This is a central theme of romanticism. The person who lives truly, understanding himself and nature, in tune with his emotions, is a person apart. The romantic is often portrayed as alone and sensitive—either ostracized by others because of his uniqueness or choosing like a hermit to be free of the conformist and corrupting world

Constitutional and adminstrative law - (Conventions) Essay

Constitutional and adminstrative law - (Conventions) - Essay Example (Carroll, 2007) In UK royal prerogative has been used by the Monarch himself since centuries however, the trends changed and during 19th century, it was decided to get the advice of the Prime Minister or the cabinet in order to exercise this right. However, this has changed gradually and it is now even argued that royal prerogative has no place in the modern Western democracy. The fact that Tony Blair and Coalition government went to war by directly consenting the parliament itself may be considered as a trend shift suggesting that there now exists a convention to seek parliament’s consent for any action. This paper will therefore discuss as to whether there is a convention now which outlines that every government in country would take consent of the parliament for any actions taken. This paper will therefore argue whether a convention exists to restrict royal prerogative to go to war. There is no fixed definition of convention as it has been defined differently by various authors. Hood Philips defines conventions as â€Å"Ê ºRules of political practice, which are regarded as binding, by those to whom they apply, but which are not laws because they are not enforced by the courts and parliament†. (Philips, 2001). This definition may be considered as one of the earliest attempts to define what conventions are and under what conditions and authority they can be enforced. Philips outlines conventions as rules of political practice which are also not laws and therefore not enforced by the courts as well as the parliament. The above definition of convention therefore outlines that are understandings which regulate the conduct of the Crown and Parliament in the absence of any formal rules. Constitutional conventions therefore are considered as the tools through which flexibility can be achieved in constitution without actually going through a process of legislation. As such the ultimate purpose for which

A Short Story By O’ Henry Essay Example for Free

A Short Story By O’ Henry Essay Themes: Death and Dying: Last leaf is a short story that entails the treasury of life and the existence of faith and hope. It need to the importance of living and how we deal with the hindrances we battle through our life story. It is a moving story across the traps that come across us in the most significant parts of our lives, the value of life is the centerpiece of story, where all the things go back and revolve†¦Apart of this story gives us a hint that God is the only one who knows that whether we ride on with life and chances or trail on and be drawn against the judgment, the melodramatic and picturesque setting of the story connects to the negative status of main character facing life and death subject matter. Pessimism: Johnsy the main character seems to be a very pessimistic person. She has lost the entire positive attitude in life due to her disease and she is waiting for her death. â€Å"Your little lady has made up her mind that she’s not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind† That is the first step of Jhonsy that she has made up her mind that she will die when the last leaf fall. That signifies the mental and psychological conditionn of her and is describing the theme of pessimistic. â€Å"She was looking out of window and counting -counting backwards† The psychological disturbances shown by O’ Henry in these lines as she is tired of waiting that when the last leaf falls, she will be near to death. â€Å"When the last one falls I must go, too.† Here in these lines Henry has showed extreme pessimism. It is the last one, said Johnsy â€Å"I thought it would surely fall during the night. I heard the wind. It will fall today, and I shall die at the same time.† These words literated by jonsy again show her desperate and chaotic state of mind. She has supposed the things which have no logic and waiting for her death, or waiting for the last leaf to fall. Self-Sacrifice: Mr. Behrman risks his life for Johnsy. He has sacrificed his own life, to give life to Johnsy the painting he made at the wall, shows his self sacrificing, kind and noble nature. He himself catches the pneumonia and  dies, but he didn’t let Johnsy to die. With the character of Mr. Buhrmann, O’ Henry is showing the sacrificing mature of a man and it gives us a message that self sacrificing is a great deed and one has to kind and gentle towards others. â€Å"Mr. Buhrmann died of pneumonia today in hospital.† Hope: Theme of hope is very nicely presented in this story. Doctor is a very optimistic person and he tries to make Johnsy realized that is she has made her mind that she will die when the last leaf fall that could be harmful for her. He told her that he can only provide her medicine and that is effective as 50 cent, the next situation is in her hand. â€Å"I subtract 50 percent from the curative power of medicines.† If you will get her to ask one question about the new writer styles in cloak sleeves I will promise you one-in-five chance for her, instead of† So O’ Henry conveys message one never let go for hope and optimist approach in life. It is out state of mind which can bring worse or better for us in our lives â€Å"Sadie, someday I hope to point the bay of Naples† These lines show Johnsy’s desires and aspirations. It gives the picture of hope and this hope in life gives us the spirit of living in this world. Love and Friendship: In last leaf O’ Henry describes friendship and bondage between two friends. They care and love each other, and she supports Johnsy morally when she falls ill. She proves to be great support for Johnsy and she tries her level best to bring back Johnsy towards life and in the world of optimism. â€Å"Dear, Dear!† said she, learning her won face down to the pillow † think of me, if you won’t think of yourself. What would I do?† These lines show the effective relationship between two friends. Mr. Behrman also shows great deal of love for these girls. Although he is bit careless person but he really cared for Johnsy and his love is shown by his painting for the sake of Johnsy’s life. What is the theme of The Last Leaf by O Henry? The theme of this story is definitely self-sacrifice. Mr. Behrman sacraficed his own health for Johnsy. One theme of this story is that you should never judge someone by what they appear to be, but by their actions. Behrman acts fierce and aggressive, but his actions show how much he cares about Johnsy. I learned to judge people, not by their looks, but by their actions, because ultimately, actions are the things that make an impact Passion, hope and personal sacrifice. O Henry gives people hope in a quickly transforming world where big bussinesses and technology were taking over artsy New York. it is about the love between those friends

Strategic Role of Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Strategic Role of Information Systems Essay Information Systems (IS) Information Systems is systems comprising of people, processes and technology to process data into meaningful and interpretable information. This system aims at assisting management and business operations in making business decisions and support business processes. There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes. Organizational Hierarchy The components of information systems can be broadly categorized into: Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, People and feedback. Executive Information System Decision Support System Managment Information System Transaction Processing System Strategic Importance of Information Systems. In current world and business scenario right information, at the right time and with the right person can be the difference between survival and extinction of an organization. A strategic IS helps an organization gain a competitive advantage through its contribution to the strategic goals of an organization and its ability to significantly increase performance and productivity Information system can help strategize an organizations business model or enhance existing ones to give it an edge over its competitors. The different thoughts currently in the market for successful information systems management strategies are Descriptive Analytics This is based on historical data and represents patterns that occurred in the past. Predictive Analytics This is also based on historical data and related patterns but has the intelligence to predict related probable events that might occur in the near future. Prescriptive Analytics – This stream not only identifies patterns and probable near future events but also suggest probable course of actions based on past experiences. For Example – How much cash to keep in each ATM machine across the country and what currency notes to keep for each one of them so as to reduce idle cash and ensure customer satisfaction. Again organizations are employing predictive and prescriptive analytics to identify probable attrition cases and related remediation patterns. Probuddho Halder EMBA ITM 2015 Information courtesy Canadian Center of Science and Education Cases of Successful Information System. A few examples of effective and strategic use of information system are Ryanair Airlines – is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports in 2013, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers. In 1986, the two Ryan brothers announced that their young airline will take on giants like British Airways and Aer Lingus for the  first time on the route between Dublin and London. It significantly undercut those two airlines on price, bringing in people who had previously preferred rail or ferry tickets. The Rayan brothers had based their business model on a robust and reliable information system that showed that the big airlines were missing out on a successful customer base out of the middle and lower middle class commuters, who were least concerned about luxury and opulence and were more interested in pure transport. Pre-Shipment(Amazon) – Amazon the e-commerce giant is working on a model whereby they will base their product shipping strategy based on the browsing patterns of users. Predictive analytics will predict that a customer is most likely to buy a product and in a given time frame. Amazon will ship the product to the nearest warehouse even before the consumer has placed the order and ultimately when the order is placed deliver it within hours and not days. This clubbed with bulk order description can significantly reduce the logistics cost for amazon at same time increase the customer delight.

The Impact Of Leadership On Innovation Management Essay

The Impact Of Leadership On Innovation Management Essay This paper details the nature and roles of leadership in the field of management innovation. Leadership broadens the organizational levels and initiates the innovation activity through motivating the employees and defining an effective structure for the proper functioning. Use of the concept could be done in a wide range of markets and at the degree of the novelty required. The innovation to make it happen within an organization, a link between the leadership systems and innovation strategies has been introduced. The policy implications recognizes the need for the different stages of the innovation process at different levels of the organizational structure , from which a stepping stone at every level can be achieved which will be followed by the Organizational implication which identifies a proper leader for different hierarchy levels and allows to perform according to the stages of innovation process. In total it clearly gives an idea about the ongoing activities in any organizatio n where an innovative activity occurs with the quality leadership in it and the levels of performance in any sector. Table of Contents 1. INNOVATION 8 1.1. Innovation Vs. Improvement 8 1.2. Innovation Vs. Invention 9 2. Elements for innovation: 10 3. Changing nature of the innovation process 11 3.1. Types of innovation 13 3.2. Innovation implementing methodology 14 4. Degree of Novelty in Innovation 16 5. Leadership Quantities for Innovation 17 6. Definition and Explanation of Leadership Skills 18 6.1. Communication 18 6.2. Integrity 20 6.3. Visions and Goal Statements 21 6.4. Teamwork 22 6.5. Relationships 23 6.6. Persuasion 24 6.7. Adaptability and Flexibility 25 6.8. Coaching and Development 26 6.9. Decision Making 27 6.10. 8.10. Planning 28 6.11. 8.11. Taking Risks 28 6.12. 8.12. Optimism and Motivation 29 7. Innovative Leadership Style and its Impact 31 8. Charismatic Leadership Style 32 8.1. Impact of Charismatic leadership style 32 8.1.1. Communicating with vision:- 32 8.1.2. Accelerating Innovation process:- 33 8.1.3. Leaders can become addicted to charisma:- 33 8.1.4. Organizations can become addicted to the charismatic leader:- 33 8.1.5. Charisma grows for its own sake and forgets its purpose:- 33 8.2. Case Study 34 9. Instrumental Leadership Style 36 9.1. Impact of Instrumental leadership style 36 9.1.1. Structures a innovation process:- 36 9.1.2. Controls a process:- 37 9.1.3. Rewards the innovators:- 37 9.1.4. Constrain to maintain high motive level:- 37 10. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP STYLE: 38 10.1. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP PRESUMES: 38 10.2. The strategic leader use different hierarchical position to create innovation structures and processes in the organization such as, 39 10.3. FUNCTIONS OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN INNOVATION. 40 10.4. A CASE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN A HIGH-WAY ROAD PROJECT. 40 11. INTERACTIVE INNOVATION LEADERSHIP : 42 11.1. THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO EXERCISE INTERACTIVE LEADERSHIP TOWARDS ACCELERATING CHANGE AND INNOVATION IS TO: 42 11.2. THE INTERACTIVE LEADER CO-INNOVATES WITH OTHER MANAGERS, EMPLOYEES AND SUBORDINATES BY, 42 11.3. Interactive leadership pathway: 43 11.4.   Effective leaders usually practice the following techniques: 43 11.4.1. Sell the Vision of the organization 43 11.4.2. Walk the Talk with the employees. 43 11.4.3. Empower and Delegate 44 11.4.4. Create Urgency in the process 44 11.4.5. Openly Communicating with everyone in the organization. 44 11.4.6. Removing Obstacles/barriers. 44 11.4.7. Celebrate the Little Successes 44 11.5. THE IMPACT OF INTERACTIVE LEADERSHIP IN AN INNOVATIVE PROJECT 45 List of Figures: INNOVATION Innovation is a key word probably being used more than ever by any type of individuals, groups or organizations; from scientist to artists, from engineers to craftsmen. Whether it is the business surroundings or non-profit organizations, political or educational associations, whether it is a developed or a developing market, whether a product or service offering, with high technology or mass production;  the word of innovation is word being recognized as one of the most credible one and term of being innovative sounds as the ultimate path to success in any changing environments especially in terms of globalization. In order to use the terms of innovation one should understand what really innovation is, in order to understand what is in the core of innovation and the description of it one should most likely distinguish the term innovation from the terms and definitions that are considered as synonyms or to have very similar meanings and practices. Although these terms could be inter -related or connected to Innovation in somehow in some phases, they cannot be considered as Innovation itself. These misunderstood terms are Invention, Improvement, Being Innovative is also a term most of the time described as being creative, entrepreneur or just able to handle complexity, therefore after distinguishing the term of innovation, the term of being innovative should be described considering these influencing characteristics. Finally Innovation is a important dimension of the change process therefore the importance of innovation in change process should be identified in order lead reasonable descriptions and definitions of Innovation. After this we can discuss the generation of innovation, types of innovation, methodology of it and finally carry on to the impact of leadership on Innovation (Mintzberg 2003) Innovation Vs. Improvement Although Continuous improvement may end up with an innovation most of the time, defining innovation with a series of incremental changes as a result of continuous improvements would be an insufficient explanation of innovation. The reason is that incremental changes depends on the lessons learnt and follows a horizontal path throughout the idea processing and knowledge creation, in the case of an innovative idea, a leap in the idea processing is observed, a vertical step in time where the track of previous improvement cant be followed or even found irrelevant to the idea discovered. As it can be understood from the term itself improvements follow a continuous path, but innovations are better described as in continuous breakthroughs from the formal horizontal path. The underlying principle with the innovation is that it deserves not only certain amount of time which can be illustrated by the continuous improvements accomplished through lessons learnt and analysiss but also depends upo n certain amount of space which can be explained by the occurrence of some events and situations that triggers this leap in the understanding and level of cognition. To enable a qualified process to overcome sophisticated needs of innovation, continuously improvement is necessary but not sufficient. (Mintzberg 2003) Innovation Vs. Invention Invention is another term being considered with Innovation most of time. What leads to an invention is the orientation of both horizontal and vertical changes, in other words continuous improvements harmonized with innovations. Several Innovations turn into an invention which deserves relatively more time and effort. Some descriptions distinguish innovation as a integrating activity of different disciplines, technologies, approaches, understandings or perspectives whereas claiming invention as of a specific level of change made on a certain study field for long periods. Actually what differs invention from innovation is that invention includes several innovations which lead to a more horizontal and vertical change that makes it even harder to track the continues and integrated improve (Eversheim 2009) Elements for innovation: 1.Basic needs for innovation (Park 2005) Changing nature of the innovation process The change of innovation is completely based on the generations and its requirements. Till now there is five generation of innovations First generation (1950-1960): (Research push) Science and technology Market Research Manufacture Development Marketing Sales Figure:2 First generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Second generation (1965-1975): (Demand pull) Science and technology Market Manufacture Sales Research development Market and demand Figure 2: Second generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Third generation (1980-1986): Research , Development, Design, Prototyping, Testing, Operations, Marketing, Sales, Service. (Coupling) Science and technology Market Market Communication and feedback loops Figure 3: Third generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Fourth generation (1986-2000): (Collaborative) Suppliers Cross functional teams, process based organization Research, Development, Design, Prototyping, Testing, Operations, Marketing, Sales, Service Horizontal research Alliance Science and technology Market Customers Figure 4: Fourth generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Fifth generation (2005-2010): Process driven by: Innovative strategy High level organizational and technological integration (Strategic and integrated) Strategic and technological integration with customers, Suppliers, Innovation communities and networks Figure 5: Fifth generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Types of innovation The six focus areas for innovation are: Product What we produce and sell Process Continuous improvement of how we do that Marketing Exceeding customer expectations Organization Business strategies, systems and structures Open Working beyond boundaries and collaborating globally Value Creating unique value that eliminates the cost to compete Among these six major four types of innovation in practice are as follows:- Product innovation: Product innovations can be based on new uses or combinations of existing knowledge or technologies. The term product is used to cover both goods and services are referred as product innovation.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Process innovations : Production methods involve the techniques, equipment and software used to produce goods or services are referred as process innovation.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Marketing innovation: Marketing innovations includes changes in product design that are part of a new marketing concept. Product design changes refer in product form and appearance that do not alter the products or characteristics. They also include changes in the packaging of products, where packaging is the main determinant of the products appearance. Innovations in product design can also include the introduction of significant changes in the form, appearance or taste of food or beverage products, such as the introduction of new flavors for a food product in order to target a new customer segment.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Organizational innovation This kind of innovation can be intended to increase a firms performance by reducing administrative costs, transaction costs, improving workplace satisfaction or cost for supplies.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Innovation implementing methodology The planning phases of the Innovation Roadmap methodology are as follows Goal setting Future analysis Idea generation Idea evaluation Idea detailing Concept evaluation Implementation planning Controlling.(Eversheim 2009) The below figure illustrates the common innovative and Triz methodological thinking for a new innovation. Figure 6: Innovation methodology (Gao Changqing 2005) Degree of Novelty in Innovation Three concepts for the novelty of innovations are discussed below: new to the firm, new to the market, and new to the world. New to the firm: A product, process, marketing method or organizational method may already have been implemented by other firms, but if it is new to the firm then it is an innovation for that firm. New to the market: Innovations are new to the market when the firm is the first to introduce the innovation on its market. The market is simply defined as the firm and its competitors and it can include a geographic region or product line. New to the world: Innovations are new to the world when the firm is the first to introduce the Innovation for all markets and industries, domestic and international. New to the world therefore implies a qualitatively greater degree of novelty than new to the market(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Leadership Quantities for Innovation This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Concepts of Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=6f=00tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html An organization needs to remain competitive a vision. That vision can be reflected in for example new products, services or a reorganization of the organizations structure. The assignment of the leading staff is, to accomplish those visions by leading the employees. Leading in that case means to influence the employees to accomplish the goals and objectives. Leadership is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The activity of leading a group of people or an organisation, or the ability to do this. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/leadership.html To lead other people, for a leader it is necessary to be familiar with important leadership knowledge and leadership skills. Leader`s attributes or traits like beliefs, values, ethics and character will influence directly the leadership skills and the leadership style. Additional to some of the leadership skills, which will be short presented and explained during the next pages, there are some principles of leadership which help to become a better leader. Know yourself and seek self-improvement Be technically proficient Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions Make sound and timely decisions Set the example Know your people and look out for their well-being Keep your workers informed Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished Train as a team Use the full capabilities of your organization Definition and Explanation of Leadership Skills Communication Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Two- way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Communication and Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=4f=00tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html Most problems and failed projects in an organization are the results of a wrong communication process or lower communication skills. A failed communication occurs, if the receiver does not understand exactly the information, order or idea which the sender tried to transmit. To prevent confusions and misunderstandings during a communication, a good leader has to know the basics of an effective communication and has to train his communication skills. To get an idea how a communication process is constructed, the communication process can divide into three steps: Thought The message which can be an idea, a concept, informations or feelings will be formed in the mind of the sender. Encording The message, which is formed in the mind of the sender, will be send verbal, nonverbal or with symbols. Decording To understand the meaning of the message, the receiver translates the information with procedures he understands. During a communication the message of the sender will include two elements. These two elements are related to each other. The right interpretation of the elements on both sides (sender and receiver) is very important for an effective communication. The first element is the content. The content includes the verbal information. Verbal informations like spoken words or symbols can be combined to phrases, which then make sense. The verbal content in a message is around 38%. The sender has to be sure that the receiver understands the verbal informations in the right way, otherwise there will be a possibility for misunderstandings and confusions on the receiver side. Many words have different meanings and also the interpretation of the meanings of words can be different. A big possibility for misunderstandings and confusion could also be the circumstance, if one of the participants does not speak the same language or is not a native speaker. The language content in a message is around 7%. A good leader has to train his verbal skills to deliver his message correct to the employees. The second element of a message is the context. The context describes the nonverbal elements. Nonverbal elements include all elements which describe the way how the message was delivered. The nonverbal communication is very important in the communication style. The nonverbal content of a message is around 55%. It delivers feelings to the receiver. The possibility for misunderstandings and confusions on the receiver s side is extremely high, if the nonverbal elements do not fit to the verbal elements. Examples for nonverbal elements are: The body language Examples are the body posture, eye contact and movements. Hand gestures Hand gestures are used to underline words or phrases. The state of emotion States of anger, fear or uncertainty are mostly negative emotions. Elements in speech The tone of the voice. A good leader has to train, in addition to his verbal skills, also his nonverbal skills to deliver his message correct to the employees. Behaviors like eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and body orientation, proximity and vocal techniques shall be a part of the communication. A second important case of communication is the listening part. It can be distinguished between active listening and passive listening. Passive listening means, if the receiver just listens to the senders message. Much informations get lost, because the receiver does not listen carefully. Active listening is the opposite of passive listening. The receiver spends attention to the senders speech to understand the words and feelings. For a good leader it is important to spend more time on active listening than on talking in meetings and other conversations. A possibility to be sure that the receiver understood the message in the right way is the feedback. In a feedback, the receiver tells the sender in his own words, how he understood the message verbal and nonverbal. An advantage is that the sender has the chance to explain the message with other words directly, if the receiver understood the message in a wrong way. Fails or problems can be prevented. Also there is the chance to get into a discussion which could affect the message and communication in a positive way. A feedback is absolutely a benefit for an effective communication. A leader should be familiar with presentation techniques and tools. They are very helpful for highlighting messages, informations, facts and data and make sure for a better understanding. Also it is easier to reach more people in a shorter time. Integrity Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Strict adherence to a moral code, reflected in transparent honesty and complete harmony in that one thinks, says, and does. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/integrity.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The importance of integrity to leadership by Siti Ibrahim. http://www.helium.com/items/1495580-the-importance-of-integrity-to-leadership Integrity has a big influence on the organization`s structure, the staff and the organization`s publicity. Integrity includes honesty, reliability and trustability and is a part of a positive trait. An integrity based leadership is an interaction between the leader and the employees which benefits the trust, acceptance and respect for each other. Also the communication will have a benefit of integrating an integrity based leadership style. The staff will be more open to accept mistakes, critics and will not be afraid of receiving any negative feedback. This will decrease stress and anxiety. The behavior of the leaders will influence the employees. If an organization has many integrity leaders and employees, individuals with a flawed character will not last long in the organization. Integrity prevents negative actions like corruption or mobbing. From the economical point of view, it is for an organization very important to have many integrity leaders, because the prestige in public will increase. Visions and Goal Statements Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ An aspirational description of what an organization would like to achieve or accomplish in the mid-term or long-term future. It is intended to serves as a clear guide for choosing current and future courses of action. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/vision-statement.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Leading and Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=5f=00tt=14bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html A leader needs a strong vision where to go to. Employees want a vision for what they are working for. The leaders assignment is to give the employees a vision. The factors which let employees follow are clearly defined goals and trust. The leader has to set goals to realize the visions. These goals should be: Realistic Attainable Improve the organization All employees should be involved in the goal setting process A program should be developed to achieve the goals Inspiration helps to induce employees to do something, because the task will get a purpose. Also motivation has a big influence to the implementation of a task.(Gao Changqing 2005) Teamwork Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ The process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve a goal. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/teamwork.html In addition to be able to work as a leader in a team, it is for a leader even more important to be able to form a team and stick it together. This ability is based on the knowledge of: The employees To know the strengths and weaknesses in the technical- , social- and creative-abilities of each employee. Group dynamics To know the coherent of behaviors and psychological processes in a group. Psychology To appreciate charakters of individuals correctly. Team communication To know the rules of communication and to be able to communicate with more people simultaneous. The leader has to get also into the role as a moderator. A usual mistake of leaders is that they form their team out of employees which are too similar. A better output of teamwork will be achieved the more diverse the team members are. The diversity resultates out of: Opinions Backgrounds Capabilities Relationships Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A connection between variables, such as a correlation, or between people, such as a marriage. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.html Relationships are for an organization very important. It helps to increase the loyalty of the employees to the organization, products and participants. There can also be relationships to suppliers, customers and other organizations or departments. Some benefits for the organization are: Loyal customers, suppliers, employees It will increase sales and market share Exchange of information Increasing the communication in a positive way Increasing the motivation Decreasing the sickness absence rate Increasing the workflow because of better connections Relationship is based on respect, trust, acceptance, support, understanding, share and celebrating and freedom. For a leader it is important to care for the employees and the organization. A leader should be able for building relationships and networks with and between employees and other contacts. (Dodgson et al. 2008) Persuasion Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Process aimed at changing a persons (or a groups) attitude or behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination of them. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/persuasion.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Leadership by Persuasion Four Steps to Success by Patsi Krakoff,Psy.D..http://ezinearticles.com/?Leadership-by-PersuasionFour-Steps-to-Successid=118428 One of the most important leadership skills which a leader should have is the ability to persuade. Persuasion is related to trust, relationship and communication. By persuasion, people can be influenced to do something voluntary. The benefit is that the people act without coercion, because they are convinced to do something which makes sense in their minds.The leader must only give a reasonable reason. The success of a leader to realize the visions and goals depends on the persuasion skill. The four steps to a successful persuasion are: Establish credibility Expertise and relationships are the sources which develop credibility.Necessary is active listening to other peoples suggestions. Their opinions should be valued. Data and informations should be collected to support the own arguments. Understand the audience Identify benefits to which the audience relates. Identify the interests of important people in the group like decision makers or stakeholders. Reinforce position Arguments should be logical and have consistent facs and experience, should be addressed to audiences interests and neutralize alternatives. Connect Emotionally The communication to the audience should be a mix of intellectual and emotional commitment.(Mintzberg 2003) Adaptability and Flexibility Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ability of an entity or organism to alter itself or its responses to the changed circumstances or environment. Adaptability shows the ability to learn from experience, and improves the fitness of the learner as a competitor. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/adaptability.html Flexibility and adaptability are necessary for innovations. Without flexibility and adaptability an organization will become inflexible and will not be able to react on intern or extern changes. The business of a leader is to realize the visions and goals with the help of the staff. Problems have to be solved. Solution orientated working will be more effective, if a leader is flexible and adaptable in mind. The ability on changing strategy, plans or programs to unforeseen events will be easier and more successful, because the motivation to change old practices will be higher. With a flexible and adaptable thinking, a leader will be able to find more solutions for a problem and the chance to project similar situations from the past to current situations to find solutions or strategies will increase. A flexible and adaptable leader sees innovations and changes as an opportunity for improvement. Coaching and Development A leader has to be able to coach and develop employees. It is very important to have the focus on coaching and developing young and upcoming employees. These employees often do not have much experience but if they have just finished the university they have a current status of know-how. The benefits are that these employees are motivated and learn in a correct way the skills they really need for the job. Also they bring new influences into the team and gain greater competence. Coaching helps to overcome barriers and to improve job performance. Decision Making Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/decision-making.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Decision Making Skills by mindtools. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_00.htm Every day a leader has to make decisions. Those decisions have to be timely and well considered, otherwise projects can fail or problems will occur. Decisions can be separate to long term decisions like program activities in two years and short decisions like program activities in the next week. Typically involved issues in long term or short term decision are still the same. Unknowing facts, many interrelated factors, high risk consequences, alternatives and interpersonal issues will make to find the best decision for a leader even harder. To be able to make better decisions, a leader should use a logical, organized and systematic decision making process. It helps to find critical elements and important factors. A decision making process can base on six steps: Creating a constructive environment By establishing the obje

The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century :: Politics Political Essays

The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century The direction the world is heading now is unsustainable. We have explored the many facets of this unsustainability throughout our seminar. It is real. And the essence of unsustainability, of course, is that we can not keep it up. There will be change, and as a society, we cannot live in denial of this fact. We must hurry up and figure out how to take control of this change before the change happens to us. What would happen if we let our society continue on its current path without rethinking our values? It is very hard to conceive of our "powerful" nation and fast-paced, glittery way of life ending. I am sure that few Americans really can picture what would happen. It is easiest to assume that we could remain indefinitely in this state of more or less comfortable obliviousness. As long as we have a fresh supply of new products around us, the instantaneous, superficial pleasures can keep us distracted. To try to break through this lazy mindset, I considered looking at similar situations over a larger time scale. There have been many boom civilizations throughout human history that thought they were the pinnacle of existence and could never be defeated. But they all ended, sooner or later. The Greeks, the Romans, the Spanish, the British, etc. etc. etc. (there are plenty from pre-history as well - the more we learn, the more fallen civilizations we find). They are either taken over by another group, are ruined by disease, or because of their inability to change they use up or degrade the resource base that sustained them. To look from a larger scale than just humans, the archaeological record shows the rise and fall of many groups or species in a similar way. Earth was once "ruled" by microscopic organisms, later by dinosaurs, then by megafaunal mammals, and now by us (forgive the major jumps in evolution- I'm just trying to make a point). Current trends towards globalization and thus worldwide spread of materialism and consumption mean that we no longer can consider our fate as an individual "civilization." We now must realize that whatever fate befalls us, befalls humans worldwide. Luckily, more and more people are figuring this out and getting worried. I propose that there will be a cultural backlash against the modern consumptive society, and that the trends will begin to reverse. Just as each generation rebels to some extent against the previous one (and each decade is appalled by the fashion sense of the one before), the next generation or so will be disgusted with the overconsumption and excess of The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century :: Politics Political Essays The Sustainability Revolution of the Twenty-First Century The direction the world is heading now is unsustainable. We have explored the many facets of this unsustainability throughout our seminar. It is real. And the essence of unsustainability, of course, is that we can not keep it up. There will be change, and as a society, we cannot live in denial of this fact. We must hurry up and figure out how to take control of this change before the change happens to us. What would happen if we let our society continue on its current path without rethinking our values? It is very hard to conceive of our "powerful" nation and fast-paced, glittery way of life ending. I am sure that few Americans really can picture what would happen. It is easiest to assume that we could remain indefinitely in this state of more or less comfortable obliviousness. As long as we have a fresh supply of new products around us, the instantaneous, superficial pleasures can keep us distracted. To try to break through this lazy mindset, I considered looking at similar situations over a larger time scale. There have been many boom civilizations throughout human history that thought they were the pinnacle of existence and could never be defeated. But they all ended, sooner or later. The Greeks, the Romans, the Spanish, the British, etc. etc. etc. (there are plenty from pre-history as well - the more we learn, the more fallen civilizations we find). They are either taken over by another group, are ruined by disease, or because of their inability to change they use up or degrade the resource base that sustained them. To look from a larger scale than just humans, the archaeological record shows the rise and fall of many groups or species in a similar way. Earth was once "ruled" by microscopic organisms, later by dinosaurs, then by megafaunal mammals, and now by us (forgive the major jumps in evolution- I'm just trying to make a point). Current trends towards globalization and thus worldwide spread of materialism and consumption mean that we no longer can consider our fate as an individual "civilization." We now must realize that whatever fate befalls us, befalls humans worldwide. Luckily, more and more people are figuring this out and getting worried. I propose that there will be a cultural backlash against the modern consumptive society, and that the trends will begin to reverse. Just as each generation rebels to some extent against the previous one (and each decade is appalled by the fashion sense of the one before), the next generation or so will be disgusted with the overconsumption and excess of

Apitherapy :: Health Medicine Medical Healthy Essays

Apitherapy Medicine, like all other fields, is subject to trends. In recent years, trends towards "alternative healing" have emerged on top. They surface everywhere: gingko biloba tablets appear at the convenience store counter, and major beverage companies have introduced herbal iced teas with different supplements that are rumored to help with everything from memory to stress. There are are health food stores everywhere providing "all natural" alternatives for everything from caffeine to fertility drugs. Perhaps the reason for this trend is that medicine has failed to provide cures for so many afflictions without having unbearable side effects, or perhaps the reason is that medicine has advanced so much that attempts to create medicines that are less harmful than synthesized medicines have resulted in this natural trend. Whatever the reason, the fact remains that stores are being bombarded with vitamin supplements, herbal foods, and "natural" drugs claiming to do what modern medicine has found difficult to accomplish. One type of "alternative healing" is called Apitherapy, and is what I will be discussing in this paper. Apitherapy is defined as "the healing use of the products of the honeybee hive" (1). Much of apitherapy is based on the properties of bee venom, though there are other byproducts which have claimed to be benificial. The major reason this therapy has come to light is because bee venom is composed of 30 different components, many of which are peptides that should provide an anti-inflammatory affect, as well as other agents which stimulate the body's immune system. Pure bee venom (Apitox) has been tested and found to be safe in humans and animals by the International Pain Institute (2). As with many alternative therapies, apitherapy has not been extensively tested scientifically. There have been some. The American Apitherapy Society (AAS) has tested it in relation to treating osteoarthritis. There are many supporters of honeybee byproducts as a treatment, but overall most clinical testing has failed to prove that there is much medicinal value in apitherapy. The only proven treatment has been for desensitization for those with life-threatening bee sting allergies (3). The support for apitherapy is a function of two things: potential clinical efficacy and personal experience stories. The byproducts of honeybees seem to have a lot of potential for effective treatment of many medical conditions.

Martin Luther King Jr :: Racism Blacks America

Martin Luther King Jr Nearly three centuries ago, African slaves were brought to the New World and put into slavery. They were treated more cruelly in the United States than in any other country that had ever practiced slavery, and ever since its prohibition African-Americans have fought oppression. Martin Luther King Jr., would aid immensely in this fight. He was born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929. His father, Martin Luther King Sr. Was a Baptist minister and also preached for civil rights. By the time he was 17 he had decided to follow his fathers footsteps, so he himself was ordained as a minister. After his graduation from the Crozer Theological Seminary, when he began postgraduate work at Boston University, he studied the works of Indian nationalist Mohandas Gandhi, from whom he derived his own philosophy of nonviolent protest. He moved to Alabama to become pastor for a Baptist church. Just after he received his Ph.D. in 1955, King was asked to lead a bus boycott in Montgomery. It had been formed after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white passenger. Throughout the 381 days which the boycott lasted, he was arrested and jailed, repeatedly threatened, and his home was bombed. The boycott ended later that year when the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public transportation. This was his first victory and alone made Dr. King a highly respected leader. When he went to India in 1959, he studied Gandhi's principle of "Satyagraha" or nonviolent persuasion, which he planned to use for his social protests. In the following year he decided to move back to Atlanta to become copastor with his father. In 1963 he was back in Birmingham, Alabama, where he led a massive civil rights campaign, organizing drives for black voter registration, desegregation, and better education throughout the South. During that time he led the unforgettable March on Washington where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech to millions of viewers across the nation. The next year he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He went on to launching his first major northern campaign in Chicago. Black Baptists were there opposing him, and a mob of club carrying Ku Klux Klan members and Neo-Nazis met his marchers. With all that he had said and done, on April 3, 1983 he said "I have been to the mountain top and seen the promise land." This was the day prior to his demise. Sadly, the following day he was shot to death in Memphis Tennessee. Nearly 500,000 of his loyal admirers attended his funeral.

Passage to India Part One Essay

Summary: Chapter IV Mr. Turton invites several Indian gentlemen to the proposed Bridge Party at the club. The Indians are surprised by the invitation. Mahmoud Ali suspects that the lieutenant general has ordered Turton to hold the party. The Nawab Bahadur, one of the most important Indian landowners in the area, announces that he appreciates the invitation and will attend. Some accuse the Nawab Bahadur of cheapening himself, but most Indians highly respect him and decide to attend also. The narrator describes the room in which the Indian gentlemen meet. Outside remain the lowlier Indians who received no invitation. The narrator describes Mr. Grayford and Mr. Sorley, missionaries on the outskirts of the city. Mr. Sorley feels that all men go to heaven, but not lowly wasps, bacteria, or mud, because something must be excluded to leave enough for those who are included. Mr. Sorley’s Hindu friends disagree, however, as they feel that God includes every living thing. Summary: Chapter V At the Bridge Party, the Indian guests stand idly at one side of the tennis lawn while the English stand at the other. The clear segregation dismays Adela Quested and Mrs. Moore. Ronny and Mrs.  Turton disdainfully discuss the Indians’ clothing, which mixes Eastern and Western styles. Several Englishwomen arrive and discuss the earlier production of Cousin Kate. Mrs. Moore is surprised to note how intolerant and conventional Ronny’s opinions have become. Mr. Turton arrives, cynically noting to himself that each guest has come for a self-serving reason. Reluctantly, Mrs. Turton takes Adela and Mrs. Moore to visit a group of Indian ladies. Mrs. Turton addresses the Indian women in crude Urdu, and then asks Mrs. Moore and Adela if they are satisfied. One of the Indian women speaks, and Mrs.  Turton is surprised to learn that the women know English. Mrs. Moore and Adela unsuccessfully try to draw the Indian women out into more substantial conversation. Mrs. Moore asks one of them, Mrs. Bhattacharya, if she and Adela can visit her at home. Mrs. Bhattacharya agrees to host the Englishwomen the upcoming Thursday, and her husband promises to send his carriage for them. Mr. Fielding, who is also at the party, socializes freely with the Indians and even eats on the Indian side of the lawn. He is pleased to learn that Adela and Mrs. Moore have been friendly to the Indians. Fielding locates Adela and invites her nd Mrs. Moore to tea. Adela complains about how rude the English are acting toward their guests, but Fielding suspects her complaints are intellectual, not emotional. Adela mentions Dr. Aziz, and Fielding promises to invite the doctor to tea as well. That evening, Adela and Ronny dine with the McBrydes and Miss Derek. The dinner consists of standard English fare. During the meal, Adela begins to dread the prospect of a drab married life among the insensitive English. She fears she will never get to know the true spirit of India. After Adela goes to bed, Ronny asks his mother about Adela. Mrs.  Moore explains that Adela feels that the English are unpleasant to the Indians. Ronny is dismissive, explaining that the English are in India to keep the peace, not to be pleasant. Mrs. Moore disagrees, saying it is the duty of the English to be pleasant to Indians, as God demands love for all men. Mrs. Moore instantly regrets mentioning God; ever since she has arrived in India, her God has seemed less powerful than ever before. Summary: Chapter VI The morning after Aziz’s encounter with Mrs. Moore, Major Callendar scolds the doctor for failing to report promptly to his summons, and he does not ask for Aziz’s side of the story. Aziz and a colleague, Dr. Panna Lal, decide to attend the Bridge Party together. However, the party falls on the anniversary of Aziz’s wife’s death, so he decides not to attend. Aziz mourns his loving wife for part of the day and then borrows Hamidullah’s pony to practice polo on the town green. An English soldier is also practicing polo, and he and Aziz play together briefly as comrades. Dr. Lal, returning from the Bridge Party, runs into Aziz. Lal reports that Aziz’s absence was noticed, and he insists on knowing why Aziz did not attend. Aziz, considering Lal ill mannered to ask such a question, reacts defiantly. By the time Aziz reaches home, though, he has begun to worry that the English will punish him for not attending. His mood improves when he opens Fielding’s invitation to tea. Aziz is pleased that Fielding has politely ignored the fact that Aziz forgot to respond to an invitation to tea at Fielding’s last month. Analysis: Chapters IV–VI The wildly unsuccessful Bridge Party stands as the clear focus of this portion of the novel. Though the event is meant to be a time of orchestrated interaction, a â€Å"bridge† between the two cultures, the only result is heightened suspicion on both sides. Indians such as Mahmoud Ali suspect that Turton is throwing the party not in good faith, but on orders from a superior. Turton himself suspects that the Indians attend only for self-serving reasons. The party remains segregated, with the English hosts regarding their guests as one large group that can be split down only into Indian â€Å"types,† not into individuals. Though the Bridge Party clearly furthers our idea that the English as a whole act condescendingly toward the Indians, Forster also uses the party to examine the minute differences among English attitudes. Mrs.  Turton, for instance, represents the attitude of most Englishwomen in India: she is flatly bigoted and rude, regarding herself as superior to all Indians in seemingly every respect. The Englishmen at the party, however, appear less malicious in their attitudes. Mr. Turton and Ronny Heaslop are representative of this type: through their work they have come to know some Indians as individuals, and though somewhat condescending, they are far less overtly malicious than the Englishwomen. Cyril Fielding, who made a brief appearance in Chapter III, appears here to be the model of successful interaction between the English and Indians. Unlike the other English, Fielding does not recognize racial distinctions between himself and the native population. Instead, he interacts with Indians on an individual-to-individual basis. Moreover, he senses that he has found like-minded souls in Adela Quested and Mrs. Moore. Of the two, Fielding is more closely akin to Mrs. Moore than Adela: Fielding and Mrs. Moore are unself-conscious in their friendship with Indians, whereas Adela consciously and actively seeks out this cross-cultural friendship as an interesting and enriching experience. Forster fleshes out the character of Adela Quested significantly in these chapters. As part of this effort, the author uses Fielding as a sort of moral barometer, a character whose judgments we can trust. In this regard, we can see Fielding’s judgment of Adela—that she appears to object to the English treatment of the Indians on an intellectual, rather than emotional level—as Forster’s own judgment. Adela, perhaps because of this intellectual, unemotional curiosity about Indian culture, conducts her interactions in India in a negative sense rather than a positive one—attempting to not act like the other English rather than attempting to actively identify with Indians. Adela always acts s an individual, rejecting the herd mentality of the other couples at the English club. While the other English try to re-create England in India through meals of sardines and plays like Cousin Kate, Adela hopes to experience the â€Å"real India,† the â€Å"spirit† of India. Yet we sense that Adela’s idea of this â€Å"real India† is vague and somewhat romanticized, especially when compared to Mrs. Moore’s genuine interaction with Aziz or Fielding’s enthusiastic willingness to partake in Indian culture. The primary Indian protagonist, Aziz, develops in these chapters as significantly distinct from English expectations of Indian character. While the English pride themselves on dividing the Indian character into â€Å"types† with identifiable characteristics, Aziz appears to be a man of indefinable flux. Forster distinguishes Aziz’s various guises—outcast, poet, medical student, religious worshiper—and his ability to slip easily among them without warning. Aziz’s whims fluctuate in a way similar to his overall character. In Chapter VI we see Aziz shift from mood to mood in the space of minutes: first he wants to attend the Bridge Party, then he is disgusted with the party, then he despairingly mourns his dead wife, then he seeks companionship and exercise. Ironically, one of Aziz’s only constant qualities is a characteristically English quality: an insistence upon good breeding and polite manners. This quality makes Aziz slightly prejudiced—it leads him to reject his friendship with Dr. Lal—yet it also allows him to disregard racial boundaries, as when he feels automatically affectionate toward Fielding because of the Englishman’s politeness. Furthermore, Forster uses these chapters to begin to develop one of the major ideas he explores in A Passage to India—the inclusiveness of the Hindu religion, especially as compared to Christianity. Forster portrays Hinduism as a religion that encompasses all, that sees God in everything, even the smallest bacterium. He specifically aligns Mrs. Moore with Hinduism in the earlier scene from Chapter III in which she treats a small wasp kindly. The image of the wasp reappears in Chapter IV as the wasp that the Hindus assume will be part of heaven—a point on which the Christian missionaries Mr. Grayford and Mr. Sorley disagree. Mrs. Moore is a Christian, but in Chapter VI we see that she has begun to call her Christianity into question during her stay in India. Whereas God earlier was the greatest thought in Mrs.  Moore’s head, now the woman appears to sense something beyond that thought, perhaps the more inclusive and all-encompassing worldview of Hinduism. Summary: Chapter VII In every remark [Aziz] found a meaning, but not always the true meaning, and his life though vivid was largely a dream. (See 0pl,) Fielding’s many worldly experiences keep him from being insensitive toward Indians like the rest of the English are. The English mildly distrust Fielding, partly out of suspicion of his efforts to educate Indians as individuals. Fielding also makes offhand comments that distress the English, such as his remark that â€Å"whites† are actually â€Å"pinko-grey. Still, Fielding manages to remain friendly with the men at the English club while also socializing with Indians. Aziz arrives at Fielding’s for tea as Fielding is dressing. Though the two men have never met, they treat each other informally, which delights Aziz. Fielding breaks the collar stud for his shirt, but Aziz quickly removes his own and gives it to Fielding. The relations between the two men sour only briefly when Aziz misinterprets Fielding’s dismissive comment about a new school of painting to be dismissive of Aziz himself. Aziz is disappointed when Mrs.  Moore and Adela arrive, as their presence upsets the intimacy of his conversation with Fielding. The party continues to be informal, though, even with the women present. Aziz feels comfortable addressing the women as he would address men, as Mrs. Moore is so elderly and Adela so plain looking. The ladies are disappointed and confused because the Bhattacharyas never sent their carriage this morning as promised. Adela pronounces it a â€Å"mystery,† but Mrs. Moore disagrees—mysteries she likes, but this is a â€Å"muddle. † Fielding pronounces all India a muddle. Aziz denounces the rudeness of the Hindu Bhattacharyas and invites the women to his own house. To Aziz’s horror, Adela takes his invitation literally and asks for his address. Aziz is ashamed of his shabby residence and distracts Adela with commentary on Indian architecture. Fielding knows that Aziz has some historical facts wrong, but Fielding does not correct Aziz as other Englishmen would have. At the moment Fielding recognizes â€Å"truth of mood† over truth of fact. The last of Fielding’s guests, the Hindu professor Godbole, arrives. Aziz asks Adela if she plans to settle in India, to which Adela spontaneously responds that she cannot. Adela then realizes that, in making this admission, she has essentially told strangers that she will not marry Ronny before she has even told Ronny so herself. Adela’s words fluster Mrs. Moore. Fielding then takes Mrs. Moore on a tour of the college grounds. Adela again mentions the prospect of visiting Aziz’s house, but Aziz invites her to the Marabar Caves instead. Aziz attempts to describe the caves, but it becomes clear that Aziz has never seen them. Godbole has been to the caves, but he does not adequately describe why they are extraordinary; in fact, Aziz senses that Godbole is holding back information. Suddenly, Ronny arrives to take Adela and his mother to a polo match at the club. Ronny ignores the Indians. Aziz becomes excitable and overly intimate in reaction to Ronny’s rude interruption. Fielding reappears, and Ronny privately scolds him for leaving Adela alone with Indians. Before the ladies leave, Godbole sings an odd-sounding Hindu song in which the singer asks God to come to her, but God refuses. In her ignorance, [Adela] regarded [Aziz] as â€Å"India,† and never surmised that his outlook was limited and his method inaccurate, and that no one is India. (See Important Quotations Explained) Summary: Chapter VIII Driving away from Fielding’s, Adela expresses annoyance at Ronny’s rudeness. Adela mentions Aziz’s invitation to the Marabar Caves, but Ronny immediately forbids the women to go. Ronny mentions Aziz’s unpinned collar as an example of Indians’ general inattention to detail. Mrs. Moore, tired of bickering, asks to be dropped off at home. Adela feels suddenly ashamed of telling those at the tea party of her intention to leave India. After the polo match at the club, Adela quietly tells Ronny that she has decided not to marry him. Ronny is disappointed, but he agrees to remain friends with her. Adela sees a green bird and asks Ronny what type of bird it is. Ronny does not know, which confirms Adela’s feeling that nothing in India is identifiable. Ronny and Adela begin to feel lonely and useless in their surroundings; they suddenly feel they share more similarities than differences. The Nawab Bahadur happens by and offers Ronny and Adela a ride in his automobile. Riding in the back seat, the two feel dwarfed by the dark night and expansive landscape surrounding them. Their hands accidentally touch, and they feel an animalistic thrill. The car mysteriously breaks down on a road outside the city. They all climb out and determine that the car must have hit something, probably a hyena. After a short while, Miss Derek drives past them offers them a ride back to Chandrapore. Driving back to Chandrapore, Miss Derek jokes about her employer, an Indian noblewoman. Ronny and Adela feel drawn together by their shared distaste for Miss Derek’s crass manner and for the Nawab’s polite but long-winded speeches. When Adela and Ronny arrive back at the bungalow, Adela says that she would like to marry Ronny after all. He agrees. Adela, however, immediately feels a sense of disappointment, believing she will now be labeled the same as all the other married Englishwomen in India. They go inside and tell Mrs. Moore of their plans. Adela begins to feel more pleasant, joining Ronny in poking fun at the Nawab Bahadur. When Ronny and Adela tell Mrs.  Moore of the strange car accident, the older woman shivers and claims that the car must have hit a â€Å"ghost. † Meanwhile, down in the city of Chandrapore, the Nawab Bahadur describes the accident to others. He explains that it took place near the site where he ran over and killed a drunken man nine years ago. The Nawab Bahadur insists that the dead man caused the accident that occurred this evening. Aziz is skeptical, however, and feels that Indians should not be so superstitious. Analysis: Chapters VII–VIII Though Fielding himself disregards racial boundaries, his tea party does not quite develop into a successful version of the Bridge Party. Aziz and Adela both appear overexcited during the tea, while Mrs. Moore and Professor Godbole remain withdrawn from the others’ chatter. The sudden cultural interaction carries Adela away and convinces her, almost subconsciously, that she cannot remain in India and become a wife at the club—prompting the spontaneous admission that upsets Mrs. Moore. The tea sours when Ronny arrives, though his rudeness appears only to bring out tensions that already existed. Aziz becomes grotesquely overfamiliar, Adela blames herself and Ronny, Fielding becomes annoyed, and Mrs. Moore becomes spiritually drained by Godbole’s Hindu song. The tea party is further disturbed by a disparity between what Forster calls â€Å"truth of fact† and â€Å"truth of mood. † Thus far in A Passage to India, we have seen that the Indian characters often tend to say one thing when they mean another. Forster presents this tendency as problematic only for the English, among whom words are taken at face value. Indians appear skilled at identifying the undertones—the unspoken elements—of a conversation. Indeed, we see that Aziz recognizes from tone, rather than words, that Godbole is withholding information from his description of the Marabar Caves. Moreover, when Aziz invites Mrs. Moore and Adela to his house, the â€Å"mood† of his question—his sincere feeling of goodwill and hospitality to the Englishwomen—is all that Aziz means to convey. Adela, however, takes the invitation literally and asks for Aziz’s address. The misunderstanding makes Aziz uncomfortable, as he is in fact embarrassed about the appearance of his home. Fielding, too, reacts negatively to Adela’s literal-mindedness. This disconnect between cultural uses of language is an important division between the English and Indians in the novel. Forster explores another divide between the English and Indian cultures through the idea of naming or labeling. If the English in the novel always say exactly what they mean, they also are quick to attach names or labels to objects and people around them. When Adela and Ronny sit together at the club, Adela wonders aloud what kind of bird sits on the tree above them. Ronny does not know, which depresses Adela even more; meanwhile, the narrator notes that nothing is identifiable in India, as things disappear or change before one can name them. The British in India realize that with the ability to name or label things comes power. It is for this reason that Fielding’s remark that â€Å"whites† are really â€Å"pinko-grey† upsets the men at the club: by deflating labels like â€Å"white† and â€Å"brown,† Fielding implicitly challenges the assertive naming and labeling power of the English in India. If â€Å"white† really only refers to skin tone—rather than also connoting superiority, advanced religion, technology, and morality—then â€Å"whites† have no inherent right to rule India. Adela’s conflicted view of naming or labeling constitutes a major tension within her character. On the one hand, Adela recognizes that the ability to label gives one power—or, as she might say, a purpose or place in the world. India’s resistance to identification, symbolized by the nameless green bird, challenges Adela’s sense of individuality. On the other hand, Adela realizes that being on the receiving end of a label can leave one powerless. It is for this reason that she remains resistant to marrying Ronny, knowing that she will be labeled an Englishwoman in India—a club wife—and that her behavior will be restricted accordingly. When Adela feels her individuality challenged by India’s resistance to identification, she seems more likely to turn to Ronny for marriage; yet, when she recognizes the tyranny of labels like â€Å"Englishwoman in India,† she feels reluctant to marry Ronny. We see in these chapters that the natural environment of India has a direct effect on Ronny and Adela’s engagement. As soon as Adela tells Ronny she does not want to become engaged, their surroundings begin to overwhelm them, making them feel like lonely, sensual beings who share more similarities than differences. In particular, they feel that the night sky swallows them during their ride with the Nawab Bahadur. The sky makes Ronny and Adela feel indistinct as individuals, suddenly part of a larger mass that is somehow fundamentally united. Therefore, when their hands touch accidentally in the car, both Ronny and Adela are attuned to the animalistic thrill of sensuality. Their experience under the engulfing Indian sky draws Ronny and Adela together, forcing them to assert themselves as important, distinct individuals through a commitment to each other. Furthermore, the social environment of India—the Indians who surround Ronny and Adela—contributes to this shift in perspective in the couple’s relationship, their new feeling that they are more alike than different. Specifically, Ronny and Adela feel a bond through their shared distaste for Miss Derek and the Nawab Bahadur—a bond that leads Adela to suddenly reverse her decision and renew her engagement to Ronny. In this regard, Forster implies that the union of marriage requires a third presence, against which husband and wife can define themselves as similar. Indeed, after announcing their renewed engagement, Adela shows her openness to her future with Ronny through her willingness to make fun of the Nawab Bahadur with him. While Ronny and Adela feel a sense of unity against the muddle that is India, we see Mrs. Moore grow even more spiritually attuned to the minds of Indians. First Mrs. Moore appears to be most aligned with the religious figure of Professor Godbole. Godbole’s song, in which God is called but does not come, profoundly affects Mrs. Moore, deepening her sense of separation from her Christian God. Then, when Ronny and Adela tell Mrs.  Moore of their car accident with Nawab Bahadur, the elder woman strongly feels that a ghost caused the accident. Though Ronny and Adela ignore Mrs. Moore, we learn a short while later that the Nawab Bahadur, too, suspects that a ghost caused the accident—the ghost of the drunken man that he ran over nine years ago near the same spot. While Ronny and Adela begin to segregate themselves from the social and natural landscape that surrounds them, Mrs. Moore surrenders to the overwhelming presence and mysticism she feels in India, attuning herself to a sort of collective psyche of the land she is visiting.